Mussaenda 'Dona Luz'. Family - Rubiaceae. Common Names(s) - Dona Luz'

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)AB: Meiotic studies of 4 spp. and 3 hybrid varieties of Mussaenda [M. flava, M. galbrata, M. erythrophylla, M. philippica var. Aurorae] were made. The chromosome number was n = 11 in all the cases. Meiosis was normal in the 4 spp. The hybrids examined showed various abnormalities and high pollen sterility. Two species, M. galbrata and M. flava showed exceptional pollen development in which the vegetative nucleus breaks up and the nuclear fragments are included in pollen buds which are subsequently shed from the pollen. (2)Mussaendas are increasingly popular for the showy color they provide during much of the year in South Florida landscapes. ... There are more than 200 known species, of which about ten are found in cultivation, with three of these being widely used for landscaping. (3) There are more than 200 known species, of which about ten are found in cultivation, with three of these being widely used for landscaping.

(1)TI: CYTOLOGY AND EXCEPTIONAL POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN MUSSAENDA.
AU: PRIYADARSHAN-P-M {a}; RAMACHANDRAN-K
SO: Cytologia-Tokyo. 1984; 49 (2): 407-414.. (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%2520for%2520South%
2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en (3)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%2520for%2520South%
2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)A large genus of about 200 species of shrubs and a few climbers in tropical Africa, Asia, and some islands of the South Pacific [genus description] (2)A 12 foot tall Philippine cultivar [referring to 'Dona Luz']

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.02

(1)A large genus of about 200 species of shrubs and a few climbers in tropical Africa, Asia, and some islands of the South Pacific [genus description] (2)A 12 foot tall Philippine cultivar [referring to 'Dona Luz'

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.03

(1)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (2)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (2)"Mussaenda philippica is common in old secondary forest and thickets, up to 700 m altitude."

(1)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/37917/ (2)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004.

2.04

(1)A large genus of about 200 species of shrubs and a few climbers in tropical Africa, Asia, and some islands of the South Pacific [genus description] (2)A 12 foot tall Philippine cultivar [referring to 'Dona Luz']

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.05

(1)Common in South Florida's gardens, along with other species such as M. frondosa (showy white sepal), and M. erythrophylla (showy sepal scarlet, rose, or pink; depending of cultivar). (2)India (3)Hawaii (4)Tahiti (5)Hong Kong (6)Australia [unknown how widespread 'Dona Luz' is cultivated] (7)It is likely that many of the pink cultivars are rather cv. ‘Doña Luz’ (a much older cultivar than cv. ‘Queen Sirikit’) which has been grown in many parts of Southeast Asia for a long time.

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm (2)http://business.vsnl.com/knursery/ (3)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/rubi.htm (4)http://moorea.berkeley.edu/flora/dicots.html (5)http://www.gardeninghongkong.com/cathy.htm (6)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/magazine/your_climate/your_climate5 (7)Puff, C./Chamchumroon, V. 2003. Non-indigenous Rubiaceae grown in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 31:75–94.

3.01

(1)No evidence of naturalization

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

3.05

(1)Mussaenda cambodiana, Mussaenda flava, Mussaenda frondosa all listed as weeds, but no evidence or description of impacts found in literature.

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 19 Jul 2010]

4.01

(1)No evidence of such structures.

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.04

(1)Unknown

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.05

(1)No evidence of toxicity in genus

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.06

(1)The following fungi were listed to be associated with M. philippica:
Auricularia cornea: Philippines - (wood-rotting fungus)
Hirneola cornea: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Meliola anceps: India - (no known economic importance)
Meliola mussaendae: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Placothea philippinensis: Philippines - (no known economic importance)
Polyporus grammocephalus: Philippines - (wood-rotting fungus)
Spegazzinia meliolae: Philippines - (no known economic importance) (2) Cercospora philippinensis on foliage of Mussaenda philippica (no known economic importance)

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)Propagation of Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. from semi-hardwood cuttings with the aid of growth regulators. Nath, J. C. / Horticultural Journal, 1992, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55-

4.07

(1)In its native Philippines, this species is said to be used against snake bikes and to cure dysentery. The roots and leaves in decoction are used for certain affections of the chest and lungs. The root is employed in cases of jaundice as are also the white, full-grown sepals. [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived] (2) Genus characteristics - In some areas of the world (e.g., tropical Africa) the fruit is consumed as subsistence food [although no fruits known from 'Dona Luz']

http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm

4.08

(1)probably not - Mussaendas in general require high humidity. (2)The mussaenda is an evergreen shrub [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2047&urlSQL=+where+
EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27M%25%27+&TotalOffset=189&TotalNum=203 (2)http://mgonline.com/mussaenda.html

4.09

(1)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)full sun (3)When you choose a planting site keep in mind that mussaendas require full sun. Some growers, however, find that flowering is better if some afternoon shade is provided [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/37917/ (3)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas
%2520for%2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en

4.10

(1)decent soil but sandy is fine (2)They need a compost-enriched soil [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://mgonline.com/mussaenda.html (2)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/magazine/your_climate/your_climate5

4.11

10 to 20 feet tall shrub.

http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm

4.12

(1)"Mussaenda philippica is common in old secondary forest and thickets, up to 700 m altitude." [but no evidence for 'Dona Luz']

(1)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004.

5.01

(1)Rubiaceae [terrestrial]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Rubiaceae [terrestrial]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Rubiaceae [terrestrial]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)Rubiaceae [terrestrial]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D. R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Planst Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.01

(1)A 12 foot tall Philippine cultivar

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.02

(1)Seeds, which are rarely available, germinate readily at a soil temperature of 66 - 75°F. [but no evidence of seed production for 'Dona Luz']

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%2520for%2520
South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en

6.03

Hybrids sold in commerce typically feature flowers in red and/or yellow with showy sepals of white, bright red or pink. ‘Queen Sirikit’ is a popular hybrid (probably M. erythrophylla x M. philippica ‘Aurorae’) that features yellowish-white flowers with red centers and showy deep pink sepals. [don't know if natural hybridization occurs]

http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A531

6.04

(1)Hybrids sold in commerce typically feature flowers in red and/or yellow with showy sepals of white, bright red or pink. ‘Queen Sirikit’ is a popular hybrid (probably M. erythrophylla x M. philippica ‘Aurorae’) that features yellowish-white flowers with red centers and showy deep pink sepals.

(1)http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A531

6.05

(1)Fragrant yellow flowers and long lasting bracts [pink/white with yellow center; appears to be insect syndrome but long corolla tube; [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]] (2)adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera or bees [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.tfts.org/plant_sale_may_2000.htm (2)http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RU/RUBIACEAE.htm

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Clay, H.F/Hubbard, J.C./Golt, R. 1987. Tropical Shrubs. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.07

(1)Plants flower within 2 years [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%2520for%
2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en

7.01

(1)No evidence that propagules have any means of attachment [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm

7.02

(1)An ornamental shrub.

(1)Rauch, F.D./Weissich, P.R. 2000. Plants for tropical landscapes: a gardener's guide. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.03

(1)no evidence

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.04

(1)No evidence of adaptive structures for wind dispersal.

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.05

(1)No evidence that the cultivar inhabits waterways.

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.06

(1)The fruit is a small (to 3/4”), fleshy, somewhat elongated berry containing many seeds [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived, unknown if 'Dona Luz' cultivar ever produces fruit] (2)Not indicated as attracting birds [perhaps because it rarely fruits in cultivation]

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%2520for%
2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en (2)http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A531

7.07

(1)No evidence that propagules have any means of attachment [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm

7.08

(1)[bird dispersal syndrome; [refers to M. philippica, from which 'Dona Luz' is derived]

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm

8.01

(1)Fruit to 1.5 cm long. (2)Genus characteristic - The fruit is a small (to 3/4”), fleshy, somewhat elongated berry containing many seeds. (3)Fruit infrequently formed in cultivation

(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%
2520for%2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en (3)Whistler, A.W. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland, OR

8.02

(1)Seeds, which are rarely available, germinate readily at a soil temperature of 66 - 75°F.

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%
2520for%2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en

8.03

(1)No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

8.04

(1)Mussaendas can stand heavy pruning and if it becomes necessary, it should be done during spring. (2)Most winters the plants are damaged by frosts and freezing weather but grow back from buds near the ground if protected by a mulch

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas%
2520for%2520South%2520Florida%2520Landscapes.pdf+Mussaenda+philippica+soil&hl=en (2)http://www.betterlawns.com/betterlawns/FAQ/faq1.htm

8.05

Don’t know