Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Montanoa hibiscifolia (treedaisy)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

Total score:

13

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

Hawaii

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico

2.02

2.03

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

tropical: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24561 (23 October 2001)

Native to Southern America: Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico - Chiapas; Nicaragua

2.05

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (http://www.hear.org/pier/mohib.htm)

In the Pacific: French Polynesia (Tahiti, cultivated), Hawai'i. Elsewhere: Australia.

3.01

Hawaii

3.02

(1) Division of Plant Industry. 1992. List of Plant Species Designated as Noxious Weeds. Hawaii Department of Agriculture. (2) Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

(1) listed as noxious weed (2) "in Hawaii naturalized in dry to relatively mesic, disturbed areas "

3.03

(1) Division of Plant Industry. 1992. List of Plant Species Designated as Noxious Weeds. Hawaii Department of Agriculture. (2) Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

(1) listed as noxious weed (2) "in Hawaii naturalized in dry to relatively mesic, disturbed areas "

3.04

Category 1 invader in South Africa

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

4.02

no evidence

4.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

Pat Caldwell. Kloof Conservancy. Creative Electronics Internet Technology (http://www.ceit.co.za/kc/inv/montan.htm)

Mostly in shady habitats along the coast below 650m. Favours drainage lines, streams and open patches of disturbed forest areas.

4.1

4.11

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

4.12

5.01

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

5.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

5.03

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

5.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (http://www.hear.org/pier/mohib.htm)

reproduce by seeds

6.03

6.04

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Dr R. Criley, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Hawaii Manoa

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

first introduced to Oahu by E. M. Ehrhorn in 1919

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

"spine-tipped bracts enclosing the achenes, enlarging and persist in fruit; pappus absent; achenes obovate compressed"

7.05

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

7.06

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

7.07

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. p.345

"spine-tipped bracts enclosing the achenes, enlarging and persist in fruit; pappus absent; achenes obovate compressed"

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (http://www.hear.org/pier/mohib.htm), photos

disk florets numerous ( > 50 florets/head); densely flowering

8.02

no evidence

8.03

8.04

no evidence

8.05

spreading densely in Hawai‘i