Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Family - Olacaceae. Common Names(s) - Black manwood, Black manu, Huacapu. Synonym(s) - Minquartia punctata, Minquartia macrophylla, Minquartia parifolia, Eganthus poeppigii, Endusa punctata, Secretania loranthacea.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

>4

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Huacapu is a huge canopy tree that can be found throughout the Amazon rainforest. It grows as far north as Nicaragua and Panama and can also be found in the rainforests of Costa Rica. (2)Distribution. From Nicaragua to Costa Rica and Panama, in the Guianas, Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; in terra firme and seasonally flooded primary and secondary forest, also in gallery forest, on clayey or sandy soil, locally common, from lowland to ca. 1000 m alt.

(1)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009] (2)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

2.02

(1)Huacapu is a huge canopy tree that can be found throughout the Amazon rainforest. It grows as far north as Nicaragua and Panama and can also be found in the rainforests of Costa Rica. (2)Distribution. From Nicaragua to Costa Rica and Panama, in the Guianas, Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; in terra firme and seasonally flooded primary and secondary forest, also in gallery forest, on clayey or sandy soil, locally common, from lowland to ca. 1000 m alt.

(1)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009] (2)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

2.03

(1)The trees grow where temperatures range from 22 to 35 °C and the annual rainfall varies from 2500 to 6500 mm. The elevation range is 0 to 1000 m.

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

2.04

(1)Huacapu is a huge canopy tree that can be found throughout the Amazon rainforest. It grows as far north as Nicaragua and Panama and can also be found in the rainforests of Costa Rica. (2)Distribution. From Nicaragua to Costa Rica and Panama, in the Guianas, Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil; in terra firme and seasonally flooded primary and secondary forest, also in gallery forest, on clayey or sandy soil, locally common, from lowland to ca. 1000 m alt.

(1)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009] (2)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamem.htm [Accessed 17 Sep 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamem.htm [Accessed 17 Sep 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamem.htm [Accessed 17 Sep 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamem.htm [Accessed 17 Sep 2009]

3.05

(1)Distribution. Monotypic. From Nicaragua to Costa Rica and Panama, in the Guianas, in Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. (2)Minquartia is a monotypic genus.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

4.01

(1)Unarmed autotrophic trees, the young branches generally densely rusty tomentulose, the hairs branched, the older stems often perforated.

(1)Rizzini, C. T. 1960. Flora of Panama. Part IV. Fascicle III. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 47(4): 263-359.

4.02

(1)Minquartia guianensis is an emergent tree, common in the lowland, premontane, and lower montane tropical forests of the Pacific and Atlantic watersheds. It usually grows associated with royal mahogany (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), vainillo (Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp.), oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macroloba [Willd.] Kuntze), monkey pot (Lecythis ampla Miers), and wild nutmeg (Virola Aubl.).

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

4.03

(1)Some semiparasitic species such as Ximenia (Olacaceae) have haustorial roots (Heckel 1898) and some evidence exists of the parasitic behavior of the roots of Minquartia guianensis (Olacaceae) (Flores 1994e). (2)Abstract: The ecology, growth behaviour and development of Minquartia guianesis Aubl. (Olacaceae) in light-timing understorey conditions in the tropical moist forests of Costa Rica is described. It grows well in often impoverished acid soils, on steep terrain and in high rainfall areas. Parasitism may explain its successful regeneration. There is increasing local and foreign demand for its timber, which is hard and extremely durable.

(1)Vosso, J. A. 2003. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. (2)Hunter, J. R. 1991. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GROWTH ECOLOGY AND USES OF MINQUARTIA-GUIANENSIS A HUMID TROPICAL TREE. International Tree Crops Journal Volume 6(4): 221-238 .

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)The bark may be boiled to make a strong infusion of which only a small amount should be taken as a cure for intestinal parasites. Care is needed with this medicine as it is quite toxic and can cause vomiting. In regions, this plant is used as a fish poison. [toxic properties, but no information on direct animal poisonings]

(1)http://ip.aaas.org/tekindex.nsf/2a9c4e44835b04ea85256a7200577a64/761c011e622cfd3b85256b03006eab08/Body/M1?OpenElement [Accessed 17 Sep 2009]

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

4.08

(1)Seedlings and juveniles of M. guianensis were predominantly observed under shade in natural flood plain forests..The death of M. guianensis seedlings exposed to continuous flooding lasting longer than 1.5 month suggested that flooding duration limits its dispersion in flood plain environments. However, considerable changes in the yearly flooding level and duration in Amazonian flood plains (Irion et al., 1997 and Kvist) imply that the species may establish on sites inundating longer periods on the average, assuming that large sized individuals are generally more resistant to flooding (e.g. Gill, 1970). Rapid establishment and initial growth just after the ending of the inundation may allow juveniles to reach flooding tolerant sizes before the onset of the next inundation. These mechanisms may explain why M. guianensis was present in flood plain forests with average annual flooding periods of up to 4 months (Nebel et al., 2001a) despite the observations that its seedlings were relatively susceptible to flooding., [no evidence of increased fire risks, or hazards, and occurs in wet forest habitats]

(1)Nebel, G. 2001. Minquartia guianensis Aubl.: use, ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry. Forest Ecology and Management 150(1-2): 115-124.

4.09

(1)Oberdauer et al. (1989) compared crown light environments of (10 saplings of) two species, a slow growing shade tolerant Minquartia guianensis and the faster growing less shade tolerant emergent Pithecellobium pedicellare. (2)Its natural regeneration occurred mainly under shade, and seedling establishment and growth in agroforestry and strip planting trials was best under partial shade.

(1)Bongers, F., P. Charles-Dominique, and M. Théry. 2001. Nouragues: dynamics and plant-animal interactions in a neotropical rainforest.  Volume 80 of Monographiae biologicae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. (2)Nebel, G. 2001. Minquartia guianensis Aubl.: use, ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry. Forest Ecology and Management 150(1-2): 115-124 .

4.10

(1)The species may be found in primary, secondary, and gallery forests with alluvial, acid clayey, or sandy soils. It grows well in periodically flooded areas, as well as on slopes.

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

4.11

(1)Huacapu can grow up 25 meters high (8 stories high!) with a straight broad trunk up to 120 cm in diameter. The tree has a thin and fissured bark with many holes and it exudes a white latex when cut. Its leaves are 10-16 cm long by 4-6 cm wide and waxy in appearance.

(1)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009]

4.12

(1)No evidence (2)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. (2)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

5.02

(1)Olacaceae

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

5.03

(1)Olacaceae

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

5.04

(1)Small to large tree, (2-)10-20(-30) m tall; bole straight, angular, older ones with rather deep grooves, sometimes perforated, to 1.4 m diam.;

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.02

(1)Fruits must be collected from healthy trees. Seeds average 220 to 240 per kg (seed plus endocarp) with 48 percent water content. Most water is found in the endosperm. Seeds surrounded by the endocarp keep their viability under natural conditions (those prevailing in the humid tropical forest floor: 24 to 30 °C, air humidity 95 percent or more), but viability is gradually lost with increasing dehydration. Fruits average approximately 190 to 200 per kg. Fresh seeds (seed plus endocarp) must be soaked for 24 hours before sowing. Seed behavior is recalcitrant. Germination is epigeal and the seedling is cryptocotylar. Germination of freshly collected seeds (fruits), soaked 24 hours, is 85 percent. Endocarp removal increases dehydration and speeds embryo death (Flores 1994e). Seeds do not require special treatment and can be sown in beds or plastic bags filled with humid sand or a mixture of soil and sand. Germination occurs in either the shade or direct sunlight, provided humidity is kept stable. Under greenhouse or nursery conditions, root protrusion begins 4 months after sowing. Four equidistant longitudinal fissures at the distal end of the endocarp are the first signal observed (Flores 1994e). Seedling growth is very slow; 12-month-old seedlings average 40 cm in length (Flores 1994e).

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.03

(1)Distribution. Monotypic. From Nicaragua to Costa Rica and Panama, in the Guianas, in Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. (2)Minquartia is a monotypic genus.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.04

(1)Flowers are small, perfect, epihypogynous, subsessile, subtended by an ovate bract that is small and deciduous; the flowers are creamy and fragrant. [unknown if self-compatible]

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.05

(1)Pollination is carried out by beetles, drones, bees, and sometimes birds. There are many flowers per inflorescence, but few fruits are produced.

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

6.07

(1)In natural flood plain forests it flowered and fruited almost annually, and abundant fruiting was observed in agroforestry trials from 6 years age onwards.

(1)Nebel, G. 2001. Minquartia guianensis Aubl.: use, ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry. Forest Ecology and Management 150(1-2): 115-124.

7.01

(1)The fruit is a monospermic drupe, ovoid, reaching 3.0 to 4.5 cm in length and 2.0 to 2.8 cm in width (Flores 1994e, Hiepko 1993). [no evidence, and no means of external attachment]

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.02

(1)Used in and planted for forestry & timber purposes. (2)When in use, the timber shows excellent natural durability and resistance to termites and fungal rotting. Wood preservation is difficult. It is used in heavy general construction, railroad ties, pilings and other marine construction (in waters lacking Taredo borers), bridges, posts, sticks, poles for fences and houses, turnery, inlay, and agricultural instruments (Flores 1994e, Llach 1971).

(1)Nebel, G. 2001. Minquartia guianensis Aubl.: use, ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry. Forest Ecology and Management 150(1-2): 115-124. (2)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.03

(1)Drupe ellipsoid, rarely subobovoid, yellowish-reddish initially, becoming purplish-black at full maturity, 2-2.5(-3) x 1.5(-2) cm, on peduncle 2-3 mm long, splitting from the apex for ca. 5 mm; pericarp (sarcocarp) thin-fleshy; endocarp crustaceous, 0.5-1(-1.5) mm thick, bearing numerous tubercles outside which show through the pericarp in dry submature fruits and become more obvious when the pericarp finally deteriorates; seed rather deeply 4-sulcate. [no evidence that seeds contaminate produce] (2)The huacapu tree blooms mainly during June and July with cascades of cream colored flowers on peduncles. Then it produces an oval drupe-like fruit with a single seed inside that is enjoyed by humans and animals alike. Fruits are dispersed in the forest by birds, bats and small rodents.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009]

7.04

(1)Drupe ellipsoid, rarely subobovoid, yellowish-reddish initially, becoming purplish-black at full maturity, 2-2.5(-3) x 1.5(-2) cm, on peduncle 2-3 mm long, splitting from the apex for ca. 5 mm; pericarp (sarcocarp) thin-fleshy; endocarp crustaceous, 0.5-1(-1.5) mm thick, bearing numerous tubercles outside which show through the pericarp in dry submature fruits and become more obvious when the pericarp finally deteriorates; seed rather deeply 4-sulcate. (2)The huacapu tree blooms mainly during June and July with cascades of cream colored flowers on peduncles. Then it produces an oval drupe-like fruit with a single seed inside that is enjoyed by humans and animals alike. Fruits are dispersed in the forest by birds, bats and small rodents.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009]

7.05

(1)Fruits are dispersed by omnivorous birds, bats, and small rodents; gravity causes some fruits to fall. Bats are attracted by the purplish brown or black color of mature fruits and the rancid odor produced by the fermenting substances of the pericarp (butyric acid ) (Flores 1994e). Seeds are ovoid or globose and have a brown seedcoat formed by testa and tegmen. [no evidence] (2)Seedlings and juveniles of M. guianensis were predominantly observed under shade in natural flood plain forests..The death of M. guianensis seedlings exposed to continuous flooding lasting longer than 1.5 month suggested that flooding duration limits its dispersion in flood plain environments. However, considerable changes in the yearly flooding level and duration in Amazonian flood plains (Irion et al., 1997 and Kvist) imply that the species may establish on sites inundating longer periods on the average, assuming that large sized individuals are generally more resistant to flooding (e.g. Gill, 1970). Rapid establishment and initial growth just after the ending of the inundation may allow juveniles to reach flooding tolerant sizes before the onset of the next inundation. These mechanisms may explain why M. guianensis was present in flood plain forests with average annual flooding periods of up to 4 months (Nebel et al., 2001a) despite the observations that its seedlings were relatively susceptible to flooding., [no evidence of water dispersal, despite occurrence in flood plain forests]

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. (2)Nebel, G. 2001. Minquartia guianensis Aubl.: use, ecology and management in forestry and agroforestry. Forest Ecology and Management 150(1-2): 115-124.

7.06

(1)Drupe ellipsoid, rarely subobovoid, yellowish-reddish initially, becoming purplish-black at full maturity, 2-2.5(-3) x 1.5(-2) cm, on peduncle 2-3 mm long, splitting from the apex for ca. 5 mm; pericarp (sarcocarp) thin-fleshy; endocarp crustaceous, 0.5-1(-1.5) mm thick, bearing numerous tubercles outside which show through the pericarp in dry submature fruits and become more obvious when the pericarp finally deteriorates; seed rather deeply 4-sulcate. (2)The huacapu tree blooms mainly during June and July with cascades of cream colored flowers on peduncles. Then it produces an oval drupe-like fruit with a single seed inside that is enjoyed by humans and animals alike. Fruits are dispersed in the forest by birds, bats and small rodents.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009]

7.07

(1)Fruits are dispersed by omnivorous birds, bats, and small rodents; gravity causes some fruits to fall. Bats are attracted by the purplish brown or black color of mature fruits and the rancid odor produced by the fermenting substances of the pericarp (butyric acid ) (Flores 1994e). Seeds are ovoid or globose and have a brown seedcoat formed by testa and tegmen. [possibly dispersed by frugivores that carry fruits but do not ingest the seeds]

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

7.08

(1)Drupe ellipsoid, rarely subobovoid, yellowish-reddish initially, becoming purplish-black at full maturity, 2-2.5(-3) x 1.5(-2) cm, on peduncle 2-3 mm long, splitting from the apex for ca. 5 mm; pericarp (sarcocarp) thin-fleshy; endocarp crustaceous, 0.5-1(-1.5) mm thick, bearing numerous tubercles outside which show through the pericarp in dry submature fruits and become more obvious when the pericarp finally deteriorates; seed rather deeply 4-sulcate. (2)The huacapu tree blooms mainly during June and July with cascades of cream colored flowers on peduncles. Then it produces an oval drupe-like fruit with a single seed inside that is enjoyed by humans and animals alike. Fruits are dispersed in the forest by birds, bats and small rodents.

(1)Sleumer, H. O. 1984. Olacaceae. Flora Neotropica 38: 1-158. (2)http://www.rain-tree.com/huacapu.htm [Accessed 09 Sep 2009]

8.01

(1)Pollination is carried out by beetles, drones, bees, and sometimes birds. There are many flowers per inflorescence, but few fruits are produced [few fruits suggests lower seed densities].

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

8.02

(1)Seeds surrounded by the endocarp keep their viability under natural conditions (those prevailing in the humid tropical forest floor: 24 to 30 °C, air humidity 95 percent or more), but viability is gradually lost with increasing dehydration. Fruits average approximately 190 to 200 per kg. Fresh seeds (seed plus endocarp) must be soaked for 24 hours before sowing. Seed behavior is recalcitrant.

(1)Flores, E. M. 2002. Minquartia guianensis Aubl. Pp. 575-578 in J. A. Vosso (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown