Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Michelia figo (banana shrub, port wine Magnolia) Synonyms: Liriodendron figo, Michelia fuscata

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Country of Origin: China (2)Climate range: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, mediterranean and cold temperate.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Michelia_figo_x.htm

2.02

Introduced to Europe and the USA.

(1)http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/m/mich_fig.htm (2)http://www.plantanswers.com/parsons/BANANA.htm

2.03

(1)USDA Zone: 7-10 (2)Climate range: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, mediterranean and cold temperate. (3) USDA zones 8A to 10B.

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Michelia_figo_x.htm (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1187/

2.04

Country of Origin: China (2)Climate range: tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, mediterranean and cold temperate.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Michelia_figo_x.htm

2.05

(1)introduced to United States in late 1700s. (2) '..according to The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs, was introduced into Europe in 1789 as a greenhouse plant. '

(1)http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/m/mich_fig.htm (2)http://www.plantanswers.com/parsons/BANANA.htm

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Occasionally damaged by deer in Maryland. The plants listed in the category 'Occasionally damaged' includes plants that can be severely damaged by deer.

http://www.agnr.umd.edu/MCE/publications/PDFs/FS655.pdf

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1)Has practically no pests or disease problems; although scale might develop, it is easily controlled. (2)The following 12 fungi were listed to be associated with Michelia figo. Armillariella tabescens: FL - 1
Botryosphaeria sp.: FL - 1
Corticium salmonicolor: China - 8097
Corticium utriculicum: New Zealand - 6224
Cylindrocladium sp.: FL - 1
Fusarium solani: FL - 6748
Oidium sp.: FL - 8447; LA - 33773
Phellinus noxius: Taiwan - 37065
Phyllosticta micheliicola: Hong Kong - 34650
Physalospora sp.: FL - 1
Pythium sp.: FL - 1
Rhizoctonia solani: FL - 1
(3)AB: 'The anthracnose pathogen on Michelia figo, a highly economic tree, was identified as Gloeosporium sp. Conidia were dispersed by rain or spray irrigation. ...'

(1)http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/m/mich_fig.htm (3)ET:A new disease - anthracnose of banana shrub in Xinjiang. AU: Jia, J. S. SO: Plant Protection, 1987, Vol.13, No.2, pp.21-22

4.07

No evidence

4.08

evergreen, with very little litter.

http://www.farmerfred.com/prevfeat.htm

4.09

(1)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)'Banana shrub is a beautiful and interesting large plant that is especially useful in shade gardens where it can serve as a background and windshield for smaller woodland plants. … When grown as an understory plant under the canopy of taller trees the open branching structure provides excellent perches for songbirds in pursuit of prey. ' (3) 'It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.'

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/mich_fig.cfm (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Michelia+figo

4.1

(1)Prefers neutral to acid, humus-rich, well-drained soil (2)Grows on light and medium soils. (3)Banana shrub grows best in an acidic, deep sandy loam soil. (4)The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil [ref 4 is ambiguous but conflicts with 1-3]

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Michelia_figo_x.htm (3)http://www.plantanswers.com/parsons/BANANA.htm (4)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Michelia+figo

4.11

Probably not - not a vine - a shrub.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

A slow growing, compact shrub from western China, the port wine magnolia usually grows as a dense 3m shrub.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html

5.03

Magnoliaceae

5.04

No evidence

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) 'Seed - probably best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe in the autumn, it can also be sown in the spring[200]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter.' (2)'Since the seeds if produced are nonviable; cuttings are the main method of propagation.' [conflicting references] (3)Propagate by seeds and cuttings

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Michelia+figo (2)Bijan, D. 198. Landscape plants for subtropica climates.University of Florida. Gainesville. (3)http://www.lsuagcenter.com/subjects/mastergardener/ebr/mgshban.htm

6.03

MICHELIA ALLSPICE (M. doltsopa x M. Figo) [don't know if natural]

http://www.dandenongsonline.com/yamina_rare_plants/m.htm

6.04

Don't know

6.05

(1)Pollinated by beetles. (2)Pollinated by moths [specialist beetles or moths? Or both?]

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/collections/pollination.html (2)http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/profile?id=27153

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

The plant grows slowly [minimum for a slow growing small tree / large shrub]

http://acadianagardening.com/viewarticle.php?colid=505

7.01

Magnoliaceae have large seeds

7.02

(1)It bears small, shiny deep green leaves and tiny spring-blooming heavily scented cream flowers streaked with purple. (2)Fragrant and attractive flowers and leaves.

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html (2)http://www.treefarm.com.au/Michelia_figo_x.htm

7.03

Probably not '... uncommon and hard to find in the nursery trade today.'

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:h4mmbBrwUXMJ:www.geocities.com
/msm0711/PLANT_SP.doc+Michelia+figo+reproduction&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

7.04

Magnoliaceae have large seeds

7.05

Don't know if woody carpels float or grows near water

7.06

Fruit:On a conical spike; numerous round woody carpels; hairy apex; 3 mm x 2 mm.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:iEOxhN-kInIJ:path.wyk.edu.hk/trail/c07/c07right.html+%22has+velvety+brown-hairy+twigs+and+buds%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

7.07

Fruit:On a conical spike; numerous round woody carpels; hairy apex; 3 mm x 2 mm.

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:iEOxhN-kInIJ:path.wyk.edu.hk/trail/c07/c07right.html+%22has+velvety+brown-hairy+twigs+and+buds%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-9

7.08

no evidence that it is consumed

8.01

(1)seeds are non-viable [implying low rate of seed production]

(1)http://hort.ufl.edu/shrubs/MICFIGA.PDF

8.02

No evidence regarding seeds/seedbank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

Pruning produces abundant new flowering growth.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/199800001.html

8.05

Don’t know