Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Michelia champaca (golden champa, orange champaca)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

It occurs naturally in parts of South and South-East Asia. It is planted quite extensively throughout India and Myanmar around temples because of its fragrant flowers.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

(1)It occurs naturally in parts of South and South-East Asia. It is planted quite extensively throughout India and Myanmar around temples because of its fragrant flowers.
(2) List of countries where planted:
Africa
Kenya
South Africa
[Tanzania]
Zanzibar
Uganda
Caribbean
Jamaica

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)Altitude range: 10 - 1500 m, Approximate limits north to south: 28°N to 10°N (2)tropical wet & dry (Aw), subtropical dry winter (Cw), temperate oceanic (Do), temperate continental (Dc), temperate with humid winters (Df), temperate with dry winters (Dw) it occurs in foothills and deep valleys cooled by streams. The relative humidity July should be 80-90% and in January 60-80% (3)Champaca will grow in climates from cool temperate through to tropical

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.envirohort.com/michellia.htm

2.04

It occurs naturally in parts of South and South-East Asia. It is planted quite extensively throughout India and Myanmar around temples because of its fragrant flowers.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

List of countries where planted:
Africa
Kenya
South Africa
[Tanzania]
Zanzibar
Uganda
Caribbean
Jamaica

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

a fooder tree

Paudel, K. C.; Suwal, M. R. S.; Adhikari, B. (1997) Results of a fodder tree elimination trial at community managed kharbari land in the low hills of Western Nepal. Working Paper - Lumle Agricultural Research Centre, 1997, No.97/64, 6 pp., 1 ref.

4.05

Not a livestock poison.

http://www.crescentbloom.com/Plants/Specimen/MI/Michelia%20champaca.htm

4.06

AB: Michelia champaca and Annona squamosa were recorded as new food plants of Papilio demoleus in Karnataka, India, in 1984. Endosulfan 35 EC at 36 ml/18 litres water was effective in controlling the pest.
[with limited host plant range] http://www-staff.mcs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/papi/demol.html) [a pest of citrus but easily controlled]

Patil, R. H.; Rajashekhargouda, R. (1985) New addition to the list of host plants of the citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1985, Vol.82, No.3, p.681, 2 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

evergreen single trunk tree

http://www.botany.com/michelia.html

4.09

(1)Full sun. (2)Very bright to clear skies

(1)http://www.monrovia.com/PlantInf.nsf/0/b3bd55a55a732acf8825684d0071dcd
6!OpenDocument&Click=042f18e31a76addd88256966006aa4b7/$Body/1.3D78 (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.1

(1)Soil texture: medium; heavy - Soil drainage: free; impeded - Soil reaction: acid; neutral - Special soil tolerances: infertile (2)Soil texture medium, light; soil fertility high, medium

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.11

No evidence

4.12

No evidence - not a vine - a tree

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.01

Terrestrial

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

Magnolia

5.03

No evidence

5.04

M. champaca is a large tree, up to 33 m or more tall.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

'Flowers in April and may. Fruits in July and August. Largely found in plains, uplands, and also in forests. Tribal peoples of Orissa plant it in their backyards.'

http://www.mssrf.org/fris9809/fris1148.html

6.02

(1) 'M. champaca can be readily propagated from seed in the nursery, although seeds should be sown within two weeks of collection as they rapidly lose viability.' (2)Germination (until complete) and seedling mortality were recorded. Seeds sown at 1.5 cm or 2.0 cm depth gave significantly better germination, and seedling growth and survival than those sown at 2.5 cm .'

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)ET:
Determination of proper depth of seed sowing in Michelia champaca in nursery.
AU: Pyare Lal; Bisht, N. S.; Aggarwal, S. K.
SO: Indian Forester, 1997, Vol.123, No.2, pp.118-122, 2 ref.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

Don't know

6.05

(1)Entomophilous; via beetles. [Magnoliaceae; possibly specialists] (2)The heady fragrance is most noticeable in the evening, when moths perform their pollination duties.

(1)http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/magnolia.htm (2)http://brisbane.citysearch.com.au/profile?id=27153

6.06

'M. champaca can be readily propagated from seed in the nursery, although seeds should be sown within two weeks of collection as they rapidly lose viability.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

The Champaca takes a very long time to flower and usually has to be quite mature. Plants started from seed take the longest to flower. [minimum for a slow growing tree]

http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/tropical/msg0716564823260.html

7.01

Probably not - seeds relatively large 0.6/1.0 cm. No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

Rao, M.P.R. 1975. Seed anatomy of Michelia champaca with comments on the primitiveness of Magnoiaceous seed. Phyto morphology. 25(1): 81- 90.

7.02

It has aesthetic value. Used for agroforestry; revegetation; amenity; ornamental.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

Probably not - seeds relatively large 0.6/1.0 cm. No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

Rao, M.P.R. 1975. Seed anatomy of Michelia champaca with comments on the primitiveness of Magnoiaceous seed. Phyto morphology. 25(1): 81- 90.

7.04

No evidence

7.05

No evidence

7.06

AB: The migrant bird Tersina viridis utilizes arillate seeds of the Asian tree Michelia champaca. The seeds are defecated intact by the birds. Ingested seeds showed higher germination rates in swamp habitats of southeastern Brazil. This study is the first evidence of a possible way of adaptation this exotic tree.

TI: Testing a biological model of adaptation for the exotic tree Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) in Brazil.
AU: Figueiredo-Rodolfo-A-De
SO: Ciencia-e-Cultura-Sao-Paulo. 1997; 49 (4) 278-280..

7.07

No evidence

7.08

AB: The migrant bird Tersina viridis utilizes arillate seeds of the Asian tree Michelia champaca. The seeds are defecated intact by the birds. Ingested seeds showed higher germination rates in swamp habitats of southeastern Brazil. This study is the first evidence of a possible way of adaptation this exotic tree.

TI: Testing a biological model of adaptation for the exotic tree Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) in Brazil.
AU: Figueiredo-Rodolfo-A-De
SO: Ciencia-e-Cultura-Sao-Paulo. 1997; 49 (4) 278-280..

8.01

(1)Probably not - seeds relatively large 0.6/1.0cm. (2)There are approximately 14,000-17,000 seeds per kilogram.

(1) Rao, M.P.R. 1975. Seed anatomy of Michelia champaca with comments on the primitiveness of Magnoiaceous seed. Phyto morphology. 25(1): 81- 90. (2)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.02

(1) 'M. champaca can be readily propagated from seed in the nursery, although seeds should be sown within two weeks of collection as they rapidly lose viability.'
(2) AB: Depulped seeds extracted from fresh fruits were treated by: mechanical scarification; soaking in boiled water or sulphuric acid for 5 min; removing the seed coat; pre-chilling at 5 deg C for 1-7 months; or treating with 250 p.p.m. GA3 for 24 h. Germination tests were made in sterilized quartz sand in enamel trays under controlled conditions (30 deg C with 7 h light). Watering was done when required and germination recorded for 60 days. Some 90% of seeds were filled and sound but only 2% of untreated seeds germinated. None of the seed coat softening treatments increased germination. Pre-chilling at 5 deg C slightly increased germination (36% after 4 months treatment). The best response was to GA3 treatment so further concentrations of this were tested (0, 10, 50, 100, 300, 500, 750 and 1000 p.p.m. with 24 or 48 h soaking before sowing). Hi

(1) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International
(2) Bahuguna, V. K.; Rawat, M. M. S.; Naithani, K. C. (1988) Studies on dormancy and treatment to enhance germination of champa (Michelia champaca, Linn.) seed. Indian Forester, 1988, Vol.114, No.6, pp.317-319, 3 ref.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)Ability to self-pruning; suited for coppicing (2)It is very sensitive to fire.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

8.05

Don’t know