Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf. Family - Sterculiaceae. Common Names(s) - Melochia, Hierba del soldado. Synonym(s) - Melochia indica Kurz.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. On Hawai‘i, common in Hilo and Puna districts. Aerially seeded in Wai‘akea in 1928. Occurs also on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and other parts of Hawai‘i. Introduced prior to 1871.

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

2.02

(1)Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. On Hawai‘i, common in Hilo and Puna districts. Aerially seeded in Wai‘akea in 1928. Occurs also on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and other parts of Hawai‘i. Introduced prior to 1871.

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

2.03

(1)On Maui, Melochia umbellata is reported from near the Waikapu Reservoir, Waikapu Valley, about 1,500 ft (457 m) elevation, where several hundred trees occur around the reservoir and up the steep south slope (Fern Duvall pers. comm.). (2)Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. [no evidence of broad elevational range or tolerance of climates other than tropical/subtropical]

(1)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/melochia_umbellata.pdf [Accessed 02 Nov 2009] (2)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

2.04

(1)Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. On Hawai‘i, common in Hilo and Puna districts. Aerially seeded in Wai‘akea in 1928. Occurs also on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and other parts of Hawai‘i. Introduced prior to 1871.

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.01

(1)On West Maui it is naturalized, growing among other weedy trees such as Grevillea robusta and Macaranga tanarius. (2)Previously recorded as naturalized on Hawai‘i (Wagner et al. 1999) and Maui (Oppenheimer 2004), this tree is cultivated and planted for forestry. Skolmen (1980) lists Oahu’s ‘Ewa Forest Reserve as the only forestry planting on the island. Due to its invasive behavior on the other islands, this species is being managed on Army lands by Army Natural Resources Staff.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. 2004. New Hawaiian plant records for 2003. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2003. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 79:8-20. (2)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2007. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:8-13.

3.02

(1)Invasive in lowlands; manageable...Table 2…Most Effective Treatment Used: Appl. Technique…Cut stump (mature) Uproot (seedlings/saplings)…Herbicide...Tordon RTU (2)This small, fast-growing, shrubby tree is often used to produce shade for young forest trees and coffee. It rapidly fills any available space after disturbance, displacing slower growing native species (3)Environmental impact: Infests pastures and forests. (4)An ecological group of fast-growing pioneer species from other tropical areas has now arrived (species of Cecropia, Trema, Albizia, Melochia etc.). This ecological group of alien tree species fills the role of invaders on abandoned sugarcane fields (i.e., human-introduced tall grasslands). (5)Introduced small weedlike tree of roadsides and waste places,..A weedy tree, reported as planted elsewhere for shade, because of its rapid growth. It is a honey plant and forms thickets in clearings and forest borders.

(1)Tunison, J. T. and N. G. Zimmer. 1992. Success in Controlling Localized Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pp. 506-524 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI. (2)Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa. (3)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

3.03

(1)Environmental impact: Infests pastures and forests. [uncertain if this species causes economic losses to agriculture]

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

3.04

[because evidence of impacts is limited, these references are used to support a Yes to answer to 3.02, as Melochia primarily behaves as a pioneer or disturbance weed] (1)Invasive in lowlands; manageable...Table 2…Most Effective Treatment Used: Appl. Technique…Cut stump (mature) Uproot (seedlings/saplings)…Herbicide...Tordon RTU (2)This small, fast-growing, shrubby tree is often used to produce shade for young forest trees and coffee. It rapidly fills any available space after disturbance, displacing slower growing native species (3)Environmental impact: Infests pastures and forests. (4)An ecological group of fast-growing pioneer species from other tropical areas has now arrived (species of Cecropia, Trema, Albizia, Melochia etc.). This ecological group of alien tree species fills the role of invaders on abandoned sugarcane fields (i.e., human-introduced tall grasslands).

(1)Tunison, J. T. and N. G. Zimmer. 1992. Success in Controlling Localized Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pp. 506-524 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI. (2)Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa. (3)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

3.05

(1)Table 1. Some invasive weed species in Malaysian agro-ecosystems. [Includes Melochia corchorifolia L.] (2)What follows are examples of the plants and animals that are invading, infesting, and damaging Houston’s bayous and creeks. Many of these species were deliberately introduced and others by accident from the nursery and landscape trade and the aquarium trade. [includes Chocolate Weed – Melochia corchorifolia]

(1)Bakar, B. H. 2004. Invasive Weed Species in Malaysian Agro-Ecosystems : Species, Impacts and Management. Malaysian Journal of Science 23 : 1 - 42. (2)http://www.bayoupreservation.org/html/BPA_exotics.pdf [Accessed 02 Nov 2009]

4.01

(1)Small trees or shrubs 2-15 m tall; young stems tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, 9-30 (-50) cm long, 3.8-15 (-27) cm long, stellate pubescent, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, base rounded to cordate, petioles 2.5-11 (-20) cm long, stipules ovate to suborbicular, 4-10 mm long, deciduous.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)It is used for reforestation, sometimes to protect seedlings [apparently no allelopathic effects if used as a cover tree]

(1)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu.

4.03

(1)Small trees or shrubs 2-15 m tall; young stems tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, 9-30 (-50) cm long, 3.8-15 (-27) cm long, stellate pubescent, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, base rounded to cordate, petioles 2.5-11 (-20) cm long, stipules ovate to suborbicular, 4-10 mm long, deciduous. [no evidence]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1)Table 1. All stages highly palatable to goats. (2)Table 1. Multipurpose shrubs and trees predominantly grown in some Asian countries...Melochia umbellata...Use...1, fodder; 2, firewood, fuelwood; 3, timber;

(1)Hagstrom, K., M. L. Christiansen and E. R. Cleveland. 1993, Plants in Hawaii that are eaten by gats. J. Haw. Pac. Agric. 4: 101-105. (2)Devendra, C. (ed.). 1989. Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals. Proceedings of a workshop in Denpasar, Indonesia, 24-29 July 1989. International Development Research Centre. Ottawa, Canada.

4.05

(1)Table 1. All stages highly palatable to goats. [no evidence of toxicity] (2)Table 1. Multipurpose shrubs and trees predominantly grown in some Asian countries...Melochia umbellata...Use...1, fodder; 2, firewood, fuelwood; 3, timber;

(1)Hagstrom, K., M. L. Christiansen and E. R. Cleveland. 1993, Plants in Hawaii that are eaten by gats. J. Haw. Pac. Agric. 4: 101-105. (2)Devendra, C. (ed.). 1989. Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals. Proceedings of a workshop in Denpasar, Indonesia, 24-29 July 1989. International Development Research Centre. Ottawa, Canada.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Johnson, T. 1999. CRC ethnobotany desk reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

4.08

(1)There are extensive remnants of a forest dominated by hala (Pandanus odoratissimus), `ohi`a, and uluhe inland of Kolo Point, Hawai`i. These forest remnants have been burned on several occasions recently. Hala and the alien shrub Malabar melastome (Melastoma candidum) disappeared from the community very rapidly, and the aerial portions of `ohi`a have been killed. Alien broomsedge, bamboo orchid (Arundina graminifolia), melochia (Melochia umbellata), and native hi`aloa (Waltheria americana) commonly invade after each fire, whereas the native uluhe only reinvades as long as the forbs and shrubs are not too dense. [responds to fires, but no evidence that this tree increases fire risk]

(1)Smith, C. W. and J. T. Tunison. 1992. Fire and alien plants in Hawaii: research and management implications for native ecosystems. Pp. 394-408 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI.

4.09

(1)The low-elevation zone of the WTMA provided an exception to the understory and groundcover trends discussed above. The lower sites appeared to be a zone of concentration for Trema orientalis in the overstory (Figure 2), Melochia umbellata in the understory (Figure 3), and Melastoma spp. and Nephrolepis multiflora in the groundcover layer. [able to grow in forested understory vegetation]

(1)Constantinides, M., Cannarella, R.J., 1999. A Timber Inventory of The Waiakea Timber Management Area. The State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Honolulu, HI, USA, 51 pp.

4.10

Unknown, but as a pioneer species, probably able to grow on several soil types

4.11

(1)Small trees or shrubs 2-15 m tall; young stems tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, 9-30 (-50) cm long, 3.8-15 (-27) cm long, stellate pubescent, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, base rounded to cordate, petioles 2.5-11 (-20) cm long, stipules ovate to suborbicular, 4-10 mm long, deciduous.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)This small, fast-growing, shrubby tree was originally introduced to produce shade for young forest trees and perhaps coffee. It rapidly fills any available space after disturbance, displacing the slower growing native species. The seeds are dispersed by wind. Adaptation to fire is unknown, and it has not been evaluated for biological control. (2)Today, thickets of M. umbellata can be observed on roadsides and scrub areas of the Hilo and Puna, mostly lowland disturbed moist sites...M. umbellata is a weed of roadsides and waste places near areas where it is cultivated in Hawai'i and elsewhere. Trees form thickets that crowd out other desirable vegetation.

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/mel_umb.htm [Accessed 02 Nov 2009] (2)http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/melochia_umbellata.pdf [Accessed 02 Nov 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Sterculiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Sterculiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)Small trees or shrubs 2-15 m tall; young stems tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, 9-30 (-50) cm long, 3.8-15 (-27) cm long, stellate pubescent, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, base rounded to cordate, petioles 2.5-11 (-20) cm long, stipules ovate to suborbicular, 4-10 mm long, deciduous.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

6.02

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)The four species of Melochia studied appear to be evolving toward annualism, weediness, self-fertility, and homostyly. It is not now clear whether M. nodiflora is a primitively self-fertile species, as would be suggested from its small flowers, or an end product of the postulated evolutionary sequence. However, M. pyramidata has clearly lost its system of incompatibility while retaining distyly as a relic. [unknown for M. umbellata, but other species of Melochia evolving toward self-compatibility]

(1)Martin, F. W. 1967. Distyly, Self-Incompatibility, and Evolution in Melochia. Evolution 21(3): 493-499.

6.05

(1)The main goals of the present paper were to investigate the floral biology and the breeding system of Melochia tomentosa in a semi-arid region in Brazil, comparing the role of Apis mellifera with other native pollinators, and to discuss the importance of this plant species as a floral resource for the local fauna in maintaining different guilds of specialized pollinators in the Caatinga. M. tomentosa is very common in Caatinga areas and blooms year-round with two flowering peaks, one in the wet and another in the dry period. The pink, bright-colored flowers are distylous and both morphs are homogamous. The trichomatic nectary is located on the inner surface of the connate sepals, and the nectar (ca. 7 μl) is accumulated in the space between the corolla and the calyx. Nectar sugar concentration reaches an average of 28%. The results of controlled pollination experiments show that M. tomentosa is self-incompatible. Pollen viability varies from 94% to 98%. In spite of being visited by several pollen vectors, flower attributes of M. tomentosa point to melittophily, and A. mellifera was the most frequent visitor and the principal pollinator. Although honeybees are exotic, severely competing with native pollinators, they are important together with other native bees, like Centris and Xylocopa species, for the fruit set of M. tomentosa. This species represents a keystone floral resource favoring the maintenance of many species of bees, butterflies and hummingbirds through the year in this deciduous tropical dry forest. [related species with similar floral morphology pollinated by bees]

(1)Machado, I. C. and M. Sazima. 2008. Pollination and breeding system of Melochia tomentosa L. (Malvaceae), a keystone floral resource in the Brazilian Caatinga. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 203(6): 484-490.

6.06

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged [no evidence of spread other than by seeds]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.07

(1)ts preference for open situations, rapid growth and good ground cover suggest it may be useful in reducing erosion. (2)The exceptionally fast-growing Melochia umbellata probably dies within three to four years [suggests that it reaches reproductive maturity during that time]

(1)http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=6732 [Accessed 29 Oct 2009] (2)Frankham, R., J. D. Ballou, and D. A. Briscoe. 2004. A primer of conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

7.01

(1)Table 1. Characteristics of localized alien plant species currently managed in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park…Introduction to Park: Accidental: road fill

(1)Tunison, J. T. and N. G. Zimmer. 1992. Success in Controlling Localized Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pp. 506-524 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI.

7.02

(1)Introduced small weedlike tree of roadsides and waste places,..A weedy tree, reported as planted elsewhere for shade, because of its rapid growth. It is a honey plant and forms thickets in clearings and forest borders.

(1)Little, E. L. and R. G. Skolmen. 1989. Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). USDA Agriculture Handbook 679. Washington, D.C.

7.03

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged [no evidence of produce contamination]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.04

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1)This small, fast-growing, shrubby tree is often used to produce shade for young forest trees and coffee. It rapidly fills any available space after disturbance, displacing slower growing native species [no evidence, apparently not distributed along waterways]

(1)Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawaii's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa.

7.06

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.07

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.08

(1)Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged [no evidence that seeds are eaten]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.01

(1)Small trees or shrubs 2-15 m tall; young stems tomentose with stellate hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, 9-30 (-50) cm long, 3.8-15 (-27) cm long, stellate pubescent, margins irregularly crenate-serrate, base rounded to cordate, petioles 2.5-11 (-20) cm long, stipules ovate to suborbicular, 4-10 mm long, deciduous...Capsules green, brown, or purplish red, oblong, 8-10 mm long, incompletely septicidal, deeply grooved between carpels. Seeds brown, 2-3.5 mm long, winged [seed densities unknown]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1)Table 2…Most Effective Treatment Used: Appl. Technique…Cut stump (mature) Uproot (seedlings/saplings)…Herbicide...Tordon RTU (2)Sensitive to 2,4-D and dicamba and probably to other hormone-type herbicides. HAVO staff report control with triclopyr amine at 10% of product in water applied to cut stumps (Chris Zimmer, HAVO). Sensitive to glyphosate

(1)Tunison, J. T. and N. G. Zimmer. 1992. Success in Controlling Localized Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pp. 506-524 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI. (2)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

8.04

(1)There are extensive remnants of a forest dominated by hala (Pandanus odoratissimus), `ohi`a, and uluhe inland of Kolo Point, Hawai`i. These forest remnants have been burned on several occasions recently. Hala and the alien shrub Malabar melastome (Melastoma candidum) disappeared from the community very rapidly, and the aerial portions of `ohi`a have been killed. Alien broomsedge, bamboo orchid (Arundina graminifolia), melochia (Melochia umbellata), and native hi`aloa (Waltheria americana) commonly invade after each fire, whereas the native uluhe only reinvades as long as the forbs and shrubs are not too dense. [rapidly colonizes burned areas]

(1)Smith, C. W. and J. T. Tunison. 1992. Fire and alien plants in Hawaii: research and management implications for native ecosystems. Pp. 394-408 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI.

8.05

(1)Invasive in lowlands; manageable...Table 2…Most Effective Treatment Used: Appl. Technique…Cut stump (mature) Uproot (seedlings/saplings)…Herbicide...Tordon RTU (2)This small, fast-growing, shrubby tree is often used to produce shade for young forest trees and coffee. It rapidly fills any available space after disturbance, displacing slower growing native species (3)Environmental impact: Infests pastures and forests. (4)An ecological group of fast-growing pioneer species from other tropical areas has now arrived (species of Cecropia, Trema, Albizia, Melochia etc.). This ecological group of alien tree species fills the role of invaders on abandoned sugarcane fields (i.e., human-introduced tall grasslands). (5)Introduced small weedlike tree of roadsides and waste places,..A weedy tree, reported as planted elsewhere for shade, because of its rapid growth. It is a honey plant and forms thickets in clearings and forest borders. [Apparently no natural enemies have kept this species from establishing and spreading]

(1)Tunison, J. T. and N. G. Zimmer. 1992. Success in Controlling Localized Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pp. 506-524 in C.P. Stone, C. W. Smith and J. T. Tunison (eds.). Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai`i: Management and Research. Cooperative National Park Resources. Honolulu, HI. (2)Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai‘i's Native Biota. In: Stone, Charles P. and Scott, J. Michael, eds. Hawai‘i's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and Management. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Manoa. (3)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai, and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.