Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Malvaviscus penduliflorus (M. arboreus var. penduliflorus); mazapan

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

y

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-9

Source

Notes

1.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"native from Mexico to Brazil but is not known to exist in the wild" [this is a sterile domesticated horticultural variety of M. arboreus]

1.02

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309 (2)Wagner et al. 1990 Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press

(1)"not known to exist in the wild" (2)Sparingly naturalized in disturbed mesic sites [plantings or abandoned plantings?]

1.03

(1) Holme Geographic Atlas of World Weeds (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/M/malv_arb.cfm

(1)M. arboreus is listed as "present" in Peru (not a weed, native habitat) (2)M arboreus naturalized in many areas of central and south Florida.

2.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"native from Mexico to Brazil but is not known to exist in the wild. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and in the green house in temperate regions for its red flowers, attractive to butterfly and humming-birds"

2.02

2.03

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/M/malv_arb.cfm

(1)Specimens from sea level to 2000 m in Tropicos (M. arboreus) (2)USDA Zones 9 - 11.This tropical plant will grow and bloom in Zone 8 but is killed to the ground by frost, but quickly recovers the next spring.

2.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"native from Mexico to Brazil but is not known to exist in the wild. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and in the green house in temperate regions for its red flowers, attractive to butterfly and humming-birds"

2.05

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"It is widely cultivated in the tropics "

3.01

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309 (2)Wagner et al. 1990 Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawai‘i Press

(1)"not known to exist in the wild" (2)Sparingly naturalized in disturbed mesic sites [plantings or abandoned plantings?]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

smooth shrub

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://lead.virtualcentre.org/es/ele/conferencia1/sanchez1.htm

animal fodder

4.05

http://lead.virtualcentre.org/es/ele/conferencia1/sanchez1.htm

animal fodder

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/M/malv_arb.cfm (3)http://www.rareflora.com/malvariscusarbcom.htm

(1)" Moist but well drained soils in sunny places are pre fered," (2) Grow in full sun for a compact shape and the most flowers. It is,  however, tolerant of shade. (3)full/partial sun

4.1

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310 (2)http://suncrestnurseries.com/descript/malvaviscus.html (3)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198501191.html (4)http://www.nhg.com/db/1493.htm

(1)" Moist but well drained soils in sunny places are prefered," (2)most soils (3)They need well-drained, loamy soil and ample summer moisture. (4)Will take any soil (well-drained)

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.310

"shrub to 3 m high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Malvaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence [M. arboreus]

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"Fruit unknown. Propagate by cuttings."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

Fruit unknown.

6.05

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"native from Mexico to Brazil but is not known to exist in the wild. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and in the green house in temperate regions for its red flowers, attractive to butterfly and humming-birds"; "flowers not opening."

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"Fruit unknown. Propagate by cuttings."

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"native from Mexico to Brazil but is not known to exist in the wild. It is widely cultivated in the tropics and in the green house in temperate regions for its red flowers, attractive to butterfly and humming-birds"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"Fruit unknown. Propagate by cuttings."

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

8.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"Fruit unknown. Propagate by cuttings."

8.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.309

"Fruit unknown. Propagate by cuttings."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.floridata.com/ref/M/malv_arb.cfm

tolerant of clipping [tolerates frequent, heavy pruning as a hedge]

8.05

no evidence