Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche Family - Proteaceae . Common Names(s) - macadamia, nogueira-do-havi, glattschalige Macadamia, noix du Queensland, macadamier, smooth-shell Queensland-nut, Queenslandnut. Synonym(s) - Macadamia ternifolia auct. non F. Muell., Macadamia ternifolia F. Muehl. var. integrifolia (Maiden & Betche) Maiden & Betche

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) M. integrifolia is the most popular species used in commercial production worldwide.M. integrifolia has been grafted with other Macadamia species to increase desirable commercial qualities. M. integrifolia is in danger of becoming extinct in the wild due to extensive land clearing.

(1) http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02096aa.pdf/Queensland_nut_tree_emMacadamia_integrifolia/em.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Australia: New South Wales, Queensland.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23036#dist

2.02

(1) Native to Australia: New South Wales, Queensland.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?23036#dist

2.03

(1) In Hawaii Macadamia grow from near sea-level to 2,500 feet. (2) USDA Hardiness Zones 9b-11.

(1) Hamilton, R. A. and W. B. Storey (1956). "Macadamia Nut Production in the Hawaiian Islands." Economic Botany 10(1): 92-100. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58270/ [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

2.04

(1) Native to Australia: endemic to Queensland.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

2.05

(1) M. integrifolia has been widely cultivated for its edible kernel.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

3.01

Unknown

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence of control or management. (1) Macadamia ternifolia is listed as a potential minor problem species in the Swaziland Alien plant's database.

(1) http://www.kbraunweb.com/alienplants/speciesstatus.asp [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1) Goats will eat the trees when used for weed control.

(1) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

4.05

(1) Rattus rattus (roof rats) will eat nuts on the tree and ground, feral pigs eat the nuts and goats will eat tree. (2) Macadamia nuts are toxic to dogs and cats.

(1) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23]. (2) http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1939&aid=2411

4.06

Not host of pathogen new to the region. (1) Several diseases are significant in Macadamia culture. Phytopthora raceme blight and Kretaschmaria root rot. Insect problems include tropical nut borer, litchi fruit moth, Koa seedworm and southern green stink bug. (2) The most important insect pests of macadamia are the southern green stinkbug (Nezara viridula), tropical nut borer (Hypothenemus obscurus) and two species of Cryptophlebia, the koa seedworm moth (C. illepida) and litchi fruit moth (C. ombrodelta). The most serious diseases are raceme and blossom blights caused by Phytophthora capsici.

(1) http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/IPM/Certification/mac/default.asp [Accessed 2008 Dec 22]. (2) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

4.07

However this study indicates that some people, when exposed through work conditions can develop eczema. (1) Study tested Macadamia integrifolia shell and leaf on 15 nut shell sorters> Ten of the workers contacted allergic dermatitis.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~tu5p8p:3 [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

4.08

(1) Threats to M. integrifolia in the wild include wildfire and inappropriate fire regimes.

(1) http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02096aa.pdf/Queensland_nut_tree_emMacadamia_integrifolia/em.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

4.09

(1) Full sun

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58270/ [Accessed 2008 23].

4.10

(1) Soils in the native range are primarily alluvial or volcanic. (2) soil pH requirements: 5.1-5.5 (strongly acidic), 5.6-6.0 (acidic), 6.1-6.5 (mildly acidic) (3) Soils vary in texture from clayey-sand through various loams to silty-clay.

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/macadamia.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 22]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58270/ [Accessed 2088 Dec 23]. (3) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326 [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

4.11

(1) Tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Tree

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Protaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Protaceae

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Evergreen tree up to 60' tall.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

(1) M. integrifolia was originally associated with subtropical rainforest along a 600km coastal strip in Queensland, extending 150km inland.. Current distribution of wild M. integrifolia is similar to the original distribution.

(1) http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02096aa.pdf/Queensland_nut_tree_emMacadamia_integrifolia/em.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec23].

6.02

(1) Flowering of M. integrifolia occurs over several months, nuts mature over an extended period and multiple harvests are required to gather the entire season's crop. (2) Reproduction is by seed.

(1) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23]. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326 [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

6.03

(1) Study states that M. integrifolia and M.tetraphylla have naturally hybridized where their ranges overlap. The specimens exhibit considerable variation which suggests a hybrid swarm.

(1) http://www.coopersnuthouse.com/maclib/InterspecificHybridizationInMacadamia.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

6.04

(1) Self-fertilizing. (2) Macadamia's are self-compatible.

(1) Blanche, K. R., J. A. Ludwig, et al. (2006). Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in orchards. Journal of Applied Ecology, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 43: 1182-1187. (2) http://www.coopersnuthouse.com/maclib/InterspecificHybridizationInMacadamia.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 22}

6.05

(1) Pollinated by Apis mellifera (2) Apis mellifera and Trigona spp. pollinate flowers in Australia.

(1)Blanche, K. R., J. A. Ludwig, et al. (2006). Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in orchards. Journal of Applied Ecology, Blackwell Publishing Limited. 43: 1182-1187. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/macadamia.pdf

6.06

(1) Reproduction is by seed.

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326 [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

6.07

(1) M.integrifolia trees can bear a small crop in the 5th year after planting.

(1) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

7.01

(1) Frt. Globose 1-1.33"

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.02

(1) M. integrifolia has been widely cultivated for its edible kernel. (2) M. integrifolia is cultivated in Hawaii, California, Rhodesia, Kenya, South Africa and Australia, among other places.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press (2) .http://www.coopersnuthouse.com/maclib/InterspecificHybridizationInMacadamia.htm [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

7.03

(1) Frt. Globose 1-1.33"

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.04

(1) Rodents disperse Macadamia fruit. (2) Seed dispersal is by rodents and gravity fall.

(1) http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:E2qg_gUMzEoJ:www.jcu.edu.au/school
/tbiol/Botany/teaching/bt3280/coursenotes/BT3280-9%2520Diversity/BT3280-9%2520Diversity.pdf+macadamia+%2B+%22dispersal%22+%22wind%22&hl
=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us [Accessed 2008 Dec 22]. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/macadamia.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

7.05

(1) Seeds are water dispersed.

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326#life_cycle [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

7.06

(1) Rodents disperse Macadamia fruit. (2) Seed dispersal is by rodents and gravity fall.

(1) http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:E2qg_gUMzEoJ:www.jcu.edu.au/school
/tbiol/Botany/teaching/bt3280/coursenotes/BT3280-9%2520Diversity/BT3280-9%2520Diversity.pdf+macadamia+%2B+%22dispersal%22+%22wind%22&hl
=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us [Accessed 2008 Dec 22]. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/macadamia.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

7.07

(1) Rodents disperse Macadamia fruit. (2) Seed dispersal is by rodents and gravity fall.

(1) http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:E2qg_gUMzEoJ:www.jcu.edu.au/school
/tbiol/Botany/teaching/bt3280/coursenotes/BT3280-9%2520Diversity/BT3280-9%2520Diversity.pdf+macadamia+%2B+%22dispersal%22+%22wind%22&hl
=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us [Accessed 2008 Dec 22]. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/pubs/macadamia.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 22].

7.08

Unknown

8.01

Unknown (1) Flowering of M. integrifolia occurs over several months, nuts mature over an extended period and multiple harvests are required to gather the entire season's crop. (2) Yield records vary.

(1) http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/HIMacadamia_Nut%202006.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23]. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Macadamia.html#Ecology[Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

8.02

(1) Seed viability 3-6 months.

(1) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326 [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Threats to M. integrifolia in the wild include wildfire and inappropriate fire regimes. (2) Macadamia are highly susceptible to fire damage.

(1) http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p02096aa.pdf/Queensland_nut_tree_emMacadamia_integrifolia/em.pdf [Accessed 2008 Dec 23]. (2) http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=7326 [Accessed 2008 Dec 23].

8.05

Don't know