Lupinus albifrons Benth. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - foothill lupine, silver lupine. Synonym(s) - Lupinus fragrans.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5.5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to s.w. Oregon, California, Mexico - Baja California. [not tropical or subtropical within this minor range in northern Mex] (2)Stored seed must be stratified

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?22801 [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=lual4

2.02

(1) Native to s.w. Oregon, California, Mexico - Baja California.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?22801 [Cited 2009 May 22].

2.03

(1) Elevation < 2000 m. Open areas, sand or rocks. (2) USDA Hardiness Zones:9a-10b. (3)USDA zones 04a-10b

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54186/ [Cited 2009 May 22]. (3)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/LU/Lupinus%20albifrons.htm [Accessed 23 June 2009]

2.04

(1) Native to s.w. Oregon, California, Mexico - Baja California.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?22801 [Cited 2009 May 22].

2.05

No evidence.

3.01

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamel.htm [Cited 2009 June 8].

3.02

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamel.htm [Cited 2009 June 8].

3.03

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamel.htm [Cited 2009 June 8].

3.04

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamel.htm [Cited 2009 June 8].

3.05

(1) Lupinus arboreus is an invasive weed in Tasmania. (2) Lupinus polyphyllus is invasive in many areas of Europe. It forms dense stands and outcompetes native species. L. polyphyllus changes community structure and diversity.

(1) Stout J. C., Kells A.R., Goulson D. 2002. "Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania." Biological Conservation 106(3): 425-434.(2) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lupinus%20polyphyllus.pdf [Cited 2009 June 8].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

4.04

(1) Deer resistant. (2)Seems to be deer proof. (3)The plant is deer resistant due to the presence of anagyrine, an alkaloid toxin (among others in the lupine genera).

(1) http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_plants/pages_l/lupalb.html [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2)http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/lupinus-albifrons [Accessed 23 June 2009] (3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_albifrons [Accessed 23 June 2009]

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed [but see Ref. 4] (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (3)Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no (4)The plant is deer resistant due to the presence of anagyrine, an alkaloid toxin (among others in the lupine genera).

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 June 8]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search[Cited 2009 June 8]. (3)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/LU/Lupinus%20albifrons.htm [Accessed 23 June 2009] (4)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_albifrons [Accessed 23 June 2009]

4.06

(1) Phyllosticta ferax was found on the leaves of Lupinus albifrons in Pasadena, California. [not a major economic pest]

(1) Ellis, J. B. and B. M. Everhart. 1894. "New Species of Fungi from Various Localities." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 46: 322-386.

4.07

(1) Considered a major toxin. These plants may cause serious illness or death. If ingested, immediately call the Poison Control Center or your doctor. [pampas grass, Rhododendrons and other common plants are also listed in the same category. This reference does not provide evidence of any poisonings in humans]

(1) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5097 [Cited 2009 June 8].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) Full sun.

(1) http://www.redbud-cnps.org/Xeriscaping_with_Natives.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54186/ [Cited 2009 May 22].

4.10

(1) Lupinus albifrons is found in soils with a pH from 6 to 8. (2) Occurs on sandy or dry loam. [not wide range] (3) consistently described as growing on open sandy or rocky areas -- not a wide range of soil types [see also Jepson manual]

(1) http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Spring%2005%20projects/silver_bush_lupine.htm [Cited 2009 June 8]. (2) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8]. (3)http://bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/Spring%2005%20projects/silver_bush_lupine.htm

4.11

(1) Subshrub or shrub < 50 dm.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial, subshrub to shrub.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

5.02

(1) Fabaceae.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

5.03

(1) Fixes nitrogen by means of root nodules.

(1) Vlamis J., Schultz A.M., Biswell H.H. 1964. "Nitrogen Fixation by Root Nodules of Western Mountain Mahogany." Journal of Range Management 17(2): 73-74.

5.04

(1) Subshrub to shrub.

(1) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4027 [Cited 2009 May 22].

6.01

No evidence (1) One of the most abundant and widespread of California's perennial Lupinus species.

(1) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8].

6.02

(1) Propagate from seeds.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54186/ [Cited 2009 May 22].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown (1) Self-fertilization is common among many Lupinus species.

(1) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lupinus_nootkatensis.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22].

6.05

(1) Apis mellifera pollinated Lupinus albifrons on the Santa Cruz Island.

(1) http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/medn/symposia/5th%20California%20Islands%20Symposium
%20(1999)/Terrestrial%20Ecology/Thorp_Pollen_Nectar_Resource_Overlap_Bees_SCI.pdf

6.06

(1) Propagation from seed.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54186/ [Cited 2009 May 22].

6.07

Unknown

7.01

Unlikely, not grown in heavily trafficked areas. (1) Lupinus albifrons is a member of the coastal scrub community in California. (2) Found in many plant communities, Northern coastal shrub, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, yellow pine forest, foothill woodland.

(1) http://polyland.calpoly.edu/OVERVIEW/Archives/derome/scrub.html [Cited 2009 June 8].(2) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5097 [Cited 2009 June 8].

7.02

(1) Seeds are available from Stover Seed Company. (2) Seeds are available from Sierra Seed Supply.

(1) http://www.stoverseed.com/websearch/specieslist.cfm [Cited 2009 June 8] (2) http://www.sierraseedsupply.com/native_tree_shrub_seed.html [Cited 2009 June 8].

7.03

Unlikely (1) Pods villous, 1 to 1 3/4 inches long, 5 to 9-seeded.

(1) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Pods villous, 1 to 1 3/4 inches long, 5 to 9-seeded.

(1) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8].

7.05

(1) The legumes of Lupinus albifrons pop when ripe and disperse 2 to 12 seeds. (2) Lupinus ablifrons is less common in the Sierra Nevada foothills, where the seeds, are often carried down by freshets to the floor of the east side of the San Joaquin Valley, where considerable colonies occasionally grow on the river benches or flood beds of the Chowchilla River.

(1) http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Lupinus.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [[Cited 2009 June 8].

7.06

Unknown (1) Pods villous, 1 to 1 3/4 inches long, 5 to 9-seeded. (2) The seeds of Lupinus nootkatensis may be dispersed long distances by birds in Iceland.

(1) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8].(2) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lupinus_nootkatensis.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22].

7.07

No adaptation for external attachment. (1) Pods villous, 1 to 1 3/4 inches long, 5 to 9-seeded.

(1) http://bscit.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/display_page?page=254&elib_id=3062&format=jpeg [Cited 2009 June 8].

7.08

Unknown (1) Deer mice are seed predators of Lupinus albifrons on the Channel Islands.

(1) Roemer, G. W., Gomppe M.E., Van Valkenburgh B. 2009. "The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore." Bioscience 59(2): 165-173.

8.01

Unknown (1) Lupinus notkatensis can have a seed production of up to 1800 seeds/m²

(1) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lupinus_nootkatensis.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22].

8.02

(1) Lupinus nootkatensis, like many lupins species is able to establish a persistent seed bank in the soil that may last for many years after the plants have degenerated. (2) Stored seed must be stratified

(1) http://www.nobanis.org/files/factsheets/Lupinus_nootkatensis.pdf [Cited 2009 May 22]. (2)http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=lual4

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Fairly safe from fire if given water, not safe if dry. (2) Fire-resistant. (3) Lupinus albifrons is a member of the coastal scrub community in California. Fire is an important element of the ecology of the coastal scrub community.

(1) http://www.laspilitas.com/deerfire.htm (2) http://www.redbud-cnps.org/fireresist.htm [Cited 2009 June 8]. (3) http://polyland.calpoly.edu/OVERVIEW/Archives/derome/scrub.html

8.05

Young seedlings are susceptible to slug and snail damage.

http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Lupinus.pdf