Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Lonicera ×heckrottii Rehd. [americana × sempervirens] (goldflame honeysuckle, coral honeysuckle)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

y

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Hardiness Range 5B to 9A

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

2.02

although origin unknown, is widely cultived, the hardiness ranges provided by different sources occasionally differ a little (4-10, 6-8), but should be moderately reliable.

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

2.03

Hardiness Range 5B to 9A

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

2.04

of hybrid origin

2.05

(1) Illinois, (2) Hawaii, (3) Japan

(1) USDA, NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
(2) Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.806
(3) http://www.rakuten.co.jp/gardensk/430279/438186/442149/461847/

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)recommended as a non-invasive alternative to Porcelainberry ( Ampelopsis brevipedunculata) (2)Non-invasive alternative to Lonicera japonica

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ambr1.htm (2)http://www.chicago-botanic.org/research/conservation/invasive_alt.html

3.05

(1) AB: In 1986, glyphosate, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, and manual slashing treatments were applied to a 4-year-old Epilobium angustifolium /Alnus viridis /Sambucus racemosa /Lonicera involucrata community in the Cariboo Forest Region, British Columbia, Canada, for the purpose of releasing spruce (Picea glauca x P. engelmannii ) seedlings.
(2) AB: The relative resilience of forest- and open-grown populations of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) growing in northern Kentucky was determined. Resilience was assessed by imposing a clipping regime (once each year from 1986 to 1989) during which shrub resprouting abilities were measured. Habitat-specific population regeneration from seeds in the seed bank was also measured. Forest-grown L. maackki shrubs were less resilient than open-grown shrubs when stressed by repeated clipping, due presumably to exhaustion of stored reserves in shrub bases. This suggests that forests are secondary habitats for L. maackii . However, resprouting potential and

(1) Harper, G. J.; Biring, B. S.; Heineman, J. (1997) Mackay River herbicide trial: conifer response 9 years post-treatment. Research Report - Ministry of Forests, British Columbia, 1997, No.11, vi + 26 pp., 13 ref.
(2) Luken, J. O.; Mattimiro, D. T. (1991) Habitat-specific resilience of the invasive shrub amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii ) during repeated clipping. Ecological Applications, 1991, Vol.1, No.1, pp.104-109, 23 ref.

4.01

no description of these traits

Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii.new and revised edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.806

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

on the list of plants occasionally severely damaged by deers

http://www.clemson.edu/psapublishing/PAGES/AFW/AFW6.pdf

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Diaporthe eres: OK [generalist]
Microsphaera alni: OK [generalist]

Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y., Palm, M.E., & McCray, E.B. (n.d.) Fungal Databases, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved July 8, 2004, from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

4.07

no evidence

4.08

flammability: LOW

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/turf/430-300/lists.html

4.09

(1) "Exposure: Partial shade or partial sun to full sun. It is best suited for sunny locations and flowers poorly in the shade." [generalist] (2)"It will grow in shade, but the flowers are not as abundant. "

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/champaign/homeowners/000520.html

4.1

(1) "Soil Condition: Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, alkaline, tolerates salt, somewhat drought tolerant. Honeysuckle tolerates most soils except dry sands." (2)Needs rich, acid soil (3)It doesn't have any special soil requirements.

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.greenstranger.com/catalog97.htm (3)http://www.clematis.com.pl/wms/wmsg.php/1212.html

4.11

"vine"

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

vine; Caprifoliaceae

5.03

Caprifoliaceae

5.04

vine

6.01

a hybrid only known in cultivation, no evidence of naturalization

6.02

(2) Propagation: by cuttings" [fruit are formed but did not find evidence of propagation by seeds] (3)small, red berries [could not find seeds for sale anywhere]

(2) http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html (3)http://www.crocus.co.uk/Catalog/GardenPlants/?ContentType=Plant_Card&ClassID=1689

6.03

no evidence

6.04

(1) Fruit Composition: Fleshy; Fruit Shape: Round. Fruit is rare"
(2) Propagation: by cuttings" [fruit are formed but did not find evidence of propagation by seeds] (3)small, red berries [could not find seeds for sale anywhere]

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.
(2) http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html (3)http://www.crocus.co.uk/Catalog/GardenPlants/?ContentType=Plant_Card&ClassID=1689

6.05

(1) "This plant is attractive to bees, butterflies and/or birds" (2) "Clusters of red and orange tubular flowers with yellow throats that bloom throughout the summer; attracts hummingbirds " (3)attractive to hummingbirds (4)hummingbirds love it [very long stigmas make pollination by bees or butterflies nearly impossible]

(1) http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31415.html (2) http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1999/6-11-1999/pervines.html (3)http//tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/products/press/problemplants2.doc (4)http://davesgarden.com/pdb/showimage/41352/

6.06

Although a vigorous twining vine, this Honeysuckle does not spread out of control quite as easily as Japanese Honeysuckle.

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

6.07

Rate of growth: fast-growing [vegetative spread only?]

http://www.crocus.co.uk/Catalog/GardenPlants/?ContentType=Plant_Card&ClassID=1689

7.01

no evidence

7.02

an ornamental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

(1) "Fruit: red fruit, plant does not fruit readily" (2) "bright red berries" [fruit with bird-dispersal syndrome, but didn't find information about seed]

(1) http://www.canr.uconn.edu/plsci/mbrand/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html (2) http://arboretum.unl.edu/poppages/seed/2001fall.html

7.05

no evidence

7.06

(1) "Fruit: red fruit, plant does not fruit readily" (2) "bright red berries" [fruit with bird-dispersal syndrome, but didn't find information about seed] [no seeds found for sale]

(1) http://www.canr.uconn.edu/plsci/mbrand/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html (2) http://arboretum.unl.edu/poppages/seed/2001fall.html

7.07

no evidence

7.08

(1) "Fruit: red fruit, plant does not fruit readily" (2) "bright red berries" [fruit with bird-dispersal syndrome, but didn't find information about seed] [no seeds found for sale]

(1) http://www.canr.uconn.edu/plsci/mbrand/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html (2) http://arboretum.unl.edu/poppages/seed/2001fall.html

8.01

(1)"Fruit is rare" (2)plant does not fruit readily

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/lonhec/lonhec1.html

8.02

no evidence

8.03

Numerous herbicides are used to control invasive congener Lonicera japonica, so herbicide would presumably also be effective on L. xheckrottii

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/lonijap.html

8.04

"Vines will accumulate foliage on top of a fence or other structure but yearly heading back can encourage growth close to the ground." [tolerate heavy pruning]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

8.05

no evidence