Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Lomandra longifolia
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Lomandra longifolia 'tanika' (fine leaf lomandra, dwarf lomandra, dwarf mat rush) Family: Dasypogonaceae (~Xanthorrhoeaceae/Lomandraceae), Laxmanniaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | n | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | y | 1 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | n | -1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | n | -1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 2 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | y | 1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | y | 1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 1 |
Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Reference |
|
|
1.01 |
No evidence [Variety information - (1)This plant comes from Australian plant breeder Todd Layt who selected this seedling of Lomandra longifolia 'Katrinus' for its deep green color and the finer texture, a result of having narrower leaf width than most L |
[(1)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763
(2)http://www.kernock.co.uk/PlantList3.asp?FormCode=LOMTAN&F |
|
1.02 |
No evidence of naturalization. |
|
|
1.03 |
Several varieties avialable but no evidence of them being weedy. (1)Variety 'Cassica'. (2)Variety 'Katrinus' (3)Variety 'LM300' or tanika. |
91)Variety: 'Cassica'. Application no: 1997/166 . By: Layt, T.; Plant Varieties Journal 15 (3), 2002, p.36 (2)Variety: 'Katrinus'. Application no: 1997/168 . By: Layt, T.; Plant Varieties Journal 15 (3), 2002, p.36-37 (3)Variety: 'LM300'. Applicati |
|
2.01 |
Origin: Australia (Australasia) |
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763 |
|
2.02 |
||
|
2.03 |
(1)Habitat- Banks of creeks, rocky hillsides, cliffs and open forests, in sandy soils in swamps and wet places to the montane zone (2)It is tolerant of a wide range of conditions and requires little to no maintenance once established. It is drought toler |
(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia
(2)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp? |
|
2.04 |
Origin: Australia (Australasia) |
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763 |
|
2.05 |
(1)The plant was introduced in the United States by VersaScapes of Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina and is marketed as Lomandra Breeze (2)Sold in local nurseries in the United Kingdom. (3)Introduced to Scotland. (4)Tanika has been tested from Scotland to Corn |
(1)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763
(2)http://www.kernock.co.uk/PlantList3.asp?FormCode= |
|
3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization. |
|
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
No evidence |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
(1)'...The patch types tested were: (i) grass, a mixture of pasture and native grasses from the family Poaceae; (ii) bracken (Pteridium esculentum) (Forst. F.) Cockayne; (iii) Lomandra longifolia Labill. (Family Xanthorrhoeaceae), which is a tussocky bro |
(1)Pietrzykowski, E.; McArthur, C.; Fitzgerald, H., et al.
Influence of patch characteristics on browsing of tree seedlings by
mammalian herbivores. Journal of Applied Ecology 40 (3) : 458-469 June 2003 |
|
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.06 |
Following 3 fungi species wer listed to be associated with
Lomandra longifolia: Laestadia xerotifolia: Australia - 6767 |
https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/new_allView.cfm?whichone=FungusHost |
|
4.07 |
Probably not - Leaves and flowers are edible. The leaves contain a tough fibre and they are used in basket making and in weaving. This fibre can also be made into a string. |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
4.08 |
Genus characteristic of Lomandra (mat rushes) - Because dead foliage builds up in the clumps, prune to the ground every so often, or set fire to in areas where this is feasible.' Alos see photo in the book on pg 833. [Accumulation of dead foliage can be a |
Flora. A Gardeners Encyclopedia. Vol 1 and 2. 2003. Timber Press. Portland. Oregan. Pg 833. |
|
4.09 |
(1) & (2)Exposure: Full Sun |
(1)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp? |
|
4.1 |
(1)The pots were planted with Lomandra longifolia 'Tanika'.
This new variety of lomandra grows about 600-700mm tall. It grows in sun or
shade, tolerates heavy frost, remains green throughout the year and is
suited to all soil types. |
(1)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2002/archives/2002/ |
|
4.11 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.12 |
No evidence |
|
|
5.01 |
An evergreen perennial with narrow deep green strap-shaped leaves that are curiously cut as though with pinking shears at the tips. Growing much smaller than the species, this cultivar reaches to only 24 to 30 inches tall and spreads to about 3 ft. |
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763 |
|
5.02 |
||
|
5.03 |
||
|
5.04 |
||
|
6.01 |
Tanika is much finer than the common type of Lomandra longifolia and will produce an attractive flower head in Spring. |
http://www.abulk.com.au/awn/tanika.html |
|
6.02 |
Propagation - seed. |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
6.03 |
Don’t know. |
|
|
6.04 |
The scented flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Beetles. Dioecious, male and female p |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
6.05 |
The scented flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Beetles. |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
6.06 |
Propagation - seed. |
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
6.07 |
An herbaceous plant - not an annual - probably flowers within 2 to 4 years. |
|
|
7.01 |
Probably yes - Suitable for mass plantings along roadsides and highways. |
(1)http://www.andreasensgreen.com.au/NewProducts.html (2)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763 (3)http://www.hellohello.com.au/modern/grasses.html |
|
7.02 |
Probably yes - Ornamental plant with fragrant flowers - that can also be purchased on the web. (3)Tough & beautiful Tanika has proven to be one of the toughest, most reliable landscape plants over the last couple of years. It has filled an ongoing need t |
(1)http://www.downesnursery.com.au/Stocklist/l-stock.htm (2)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=2763 (3)http://www.abulk.com.au/awn/tanika.html (4)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Lomandra+longifolia |
|
7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence of being associated with produce plants. |
|
|
7.04 |
Several small flowers along the branches of a panicle - Fruit a shining brown capsule, 5 mm long, 3 mm diameter. Probabl yes - several and relatively small fruit. No evidence of any special adaptations for dispersal by wind. Seeds probably blow around in |
Cunningham, G M et al. 1992. Plants of Western New South Wales. Inkata Press. Melbourne. Pages 188-189. |
|
7.05 |
Probably not - Habitat include sand soil on the margin of a shallow drainage channel and skeletal soils on rock pockets and crevices of rocky ridges. |
Cunningham, G M et al. 1992. Plants of Western New South Wales. Inkata Press. Melbourne. Pages 188-189. |
|
7.06 |
Probably not - fruit is a capsule. |
|
|
7.07 |
No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. |
|
|
7.08 |
No evidence of ingestion. |
|
|
8.01 |
Several small flowers along the branches of a panicle - Fruit a shining brown capsule, 5 mm long, 3 mm diameter. Probabl yes - several and relatively small fruit. [In the photo plant appears to be loaded with several small fruits - probably producing seve |
Cunningham, G M et al. 1992. Plants of Western New South Wales. Inkata Press. Melbourne. Pages 188-189. |
|
8.02 |
No evidence regarding seedbank. |
|
|
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
|
8.04 |
(1)Probably yes -habit is that of a low mat rush. 'Landscape architects and contractors needed a plant that was drought tolerant, evergreen in almost all situations (drought and frost) almost indestructable, would outcompete weeds,…' [If it could be easi |
(1)http://www.ozbreed.com/tanika.html (2)http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s1588328.htm |
|
8.05 |
Don’t know. |
Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!
[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]
This page created 24 December 2006