Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart.; roundleaf fan palm, footstool palm
Synonym: Livistona altissima Zoll.
Variety: Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. var. luzonensis Becc.

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

List of countries with natural populations
Asia: Indonesia, Philippines

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (2)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia.html (3)Lowland tropical forest (4)A tropical lowland plant requiring high humidity

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/59570/ (2)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia.html (3)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/aa/aa0123_full.html (4)http://www.malesiana.tropicals.com.my/liv-rot.html

2.04

List of countries with natural populations
Asia: Indonesia, Philippines

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

"This palm is a native of Celebes in Sunda Strait, but is cultivated in many tropical countries"

Rock, Joseph Francis Charles (1917) The ornamental trees of Hawaii / by Joseph F. Rock. Honolulu : [Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press], 1917. 210pp.

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

[Livistona chinensis is a potential disturbance weed]
"L. chinensis has escaped from cultivation and is sparingly naturalized in at least Florida and Hawai'i (Butts 1959, FLEPPC 1999, Wagner et al. 1999). On Maui, L. chinensis is commonly cultivated in residential areas and is naturalized near Iao, West Maui and from Ha'iku to Hana, East Maui. L. chinensis spreads from initial plantings to nearby areas and is especially prolific in moist windward areas where numerous seedlings are often observed in ditches, water ways, stream beds, gulches, and shady understory of disturbed secondary forests. Control of this ornamental palm on Maui is probably not feasible due to the widespread distribution. Perhaps it could be discouraged from being further planted in moist areas and controlled if it were detected in natural areas."

http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/livistona_chinensis.htm

4.01

"narrower spines (which developed only at the base of the leaf stems)"

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.95

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

a tall single-trunked palm with armed petiole [large plants are probably unpalatable but don't know about young plants]

4.05

no evidence

4.06

susceptible to lethal yellowing, a recognized disease attacking economically important species within plam family

http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/pqm/manual/pdf/325.pdf

4.07

"It's leaves are used for roof thatching and packaging food"

http://www.crc.uri.edu/comm/download/lee_wildlife_report_20_39.pdf

4.08

[similar growth habit to L. chinensis but grows in moist tropical lowlands maknig fire unlikely]

http://www.malesiana.tropicals.com.my/liv-rot.html

4.09

(1) Requires a shady sheltered position in the sub-tropics, but is quite happy in full sun when the humidity is very high
(2) Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade

(1) http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia.html
(2) http://plantsdatabase.com/go/59570/

4.1

"Soil Description: well drained, sandy soil; sandy alkaline waterfront (river) soil with heavy mulch and regular fertilization…"

http://www.plantapalm.com/centralfl/ObservationSpecies.asp?PalmID=308

4.11

single-trunked palm

4.12

a tall single-trunked palm, no evidence that it grown in dense patches in native or introduced habitats

5.01

Habitat: Tropical rainforests of Malaysia, and Indonesia.

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia.html

5.02

palm; Arecaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

palm

6.01

no evidence

6.02

"Propagation Methods: From seed; germinate in vitro in gelatin, agar or other medium"

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/59570/index.html

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

[no evidence of adaptation to specialist pollinator] p.21 "the flowers are small, sessile and numerous"

Rock, Joseph Francis Charles (1917) The ornamental trees of Hawaii / by Joseph F. Rock. Honolulu : [Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press], 1917. 210pp.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

[picture of a three years old seedling still very small and clearly is not close to flowering size]

http://www.thaipalms.com/encyclopedia/Livistonarotundifolia.html

7.01

Probably not, large fruit. "round, 0.7 inch-wide, dull orange to black fruit"

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.95

7.02

"Quiet a common landscaping palm in the South-east Asia. "

http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia.html

7.03

Probably not, large fruit. "round, 0.7 inch-wide, dull orange to black fruit"

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.95

7.04

"round, 0.7 inch-wide, dull oragge to black fruit"

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.95

7.05

no evidence, but a congener, Livistona chinensis is dispersed by water.

7.06

p.21 "the fruitis globose, somewhat fleshy, yellow-red, and about half an inch or more in diameter." [presumed from bright color]

Rock, Joseph Francis Charles (1917) The ornamental trees of Hawaii / by Joseph F. Rock. Honolulu : [Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press], 1917. 210pp.

7.07

"the fruitis globose, somewhat fleshy, yellow-red, and about half an inch ormore in diameter." [Probably not, large fruit without known means of attachment, but could be cached by rodents?]

Rock, Joseph Francis Charles (1917) The ornamental trees of Hawaii / by Joseph F. Rock. Honolulu : [Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press], 1917. 210pp.

7.08

bird dispersed

8.01

"round, 0.7 inch-wide, dull orange to black fruit" [fairly large single seeded fruit, but produced large fruit clusters -- appear to be borderline]

(1)Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.95 (2)http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Livistona/rotundifolia02.jpg

8.02

no evidence of dormancy "...easy to germinate and need up to 3 months to sprout. Very easy to germinate. Plant germinated seed in at least a 1 gallon pot."

http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/LivRot.shtml

8.03

no evidence

8.04

a tall single-trunked palm [killed by lopping apical meristem]

8.05

no evidence