Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Leucospermum bolusii E. Phillips; Gordon's Bay Pincushion

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distribution: This pincushion is found in a small area on rocky, west-facing, sandstone slopes of the mountains above Clarence Drive, between Gordon's Bay and Kogel Bay, overlooking False Bay. (Cape, South Africa) [this is Mediterranean coastal]

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

2.02

2.03

Habitat: Sandstone-gravel slopes, 0-150m

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

2.04

Distribution: This pincushion is found in a small area on rocky, west-facing, sandstone slopes of the mountains above Clarence Drive, between Gordon's Bay and Kogel Bay, overlooking False Bay. (Cape, South Africa) [this is Mediterranean coastal]

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

2.05

seeds are for sale internationally

(1) http://finebushpeople.co.za/farmstore/catalog/leucospermumstore.htm (2) http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/a1.asp?title=Proteaceae&list=18

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

listed as deer resistant plant

http://www.eastbaynursery.com/Lists/listframe.html?l1=deer_resistance.html

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

[a shrubby plant that can grow in fire-susceptible envrionments where it is killed by fire]

protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

4.09

sunny position.

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

4.1

It does best in well-drained, acid sandstone soils in a sunny position. Like most members of the protea family, it is intolerant of rich soils and strong doses of chemical fertilizers with high nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) content. In heavy clay soils or waterlogged conditions they are more susceptible to infection with the root fungus Phytophthora.

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

4.11

Habit: Erect shrub to 1.5m tall

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

4.12

grows into a rounded shrub, about 1.5 m tall

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

5.01

Habitat: Sandstone-gravel slopes, 0-150m

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

5.02

Habit: Erect shrub to 1.5m tall; Proteaceae

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Habit: Erect shrub to 1.5m tall

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

6.01

Even though its distribution range is relatively small, dense stands of it occur and it is not threatened.

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

6.02

Seed germinates easily in late summer - autumn - early winter (March - May). They don't need to be treated with smoke primer to initiate germination, but do respond to the typical autumn hot day and cold night temperature fluctuations.

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

6.03

some Leucospermum species are known to hybridize

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/splr_clg.htm

6.04

Sexual system: Both sexes in each flower

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

6.05

Pollinator: Bees, flies and butterflies

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

6.06

no evidence

6.07

don't know

7.01

no evidence

7.02

seeds are for sale internationally; ornamental

(1) http://finebushpeople.co.za/farmstore/catalog/leucospermumstore.htm (2) http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/a1.asp?title=Proteaceae&list=18

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Seed dispersal: Ants

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

7.05

Seed dispersal: Ants

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

7.06

Seed dispersal: Ants

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

7.07

Seed dispersal: Ants

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

7.08

Seed dispersal: Ants

http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

8.01

no evidence

8.02

(1) Seed storage: Underground in ants nests (2) Seed germinates easily in late summer - autumn - early winter (March - May). They don't need to be treated with smoke primer to initiate germination, but do respond to the typical autumn hot day and cold night temperature fluctuations.

(1) http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm (2) http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Leucospermum bolusii is killed by fire, i.e. it is not a resprouter, but its seeds survive. (2)Fire survival: Killed, only seeds survive

http://64.233.187.104/search?q=cache:w0PVRJKoX_oJ:www.plantzafrica.com/
plantklm/leucospermbol.htm++Leucospermum+bolusii&hl=zh-TW&client=firefox-a (2)http://protea.worldonline.co.za/pincush6.htm

8.05

n heavy clay soils or waterlogged conditions they are more susceptible to infection with the root fungus Phytophthora.

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/leucospermbol.htm