Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC.Family - Brassicaceae. Common Names(s) - African pepperwort. Synonym(s) - Thlaspi africanum Burm. f.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Africa. (2) Native to eastern Africa.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p. (2) http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=5399 [Cited 2009 April 7].

2.02

(1) Native to Africa. (2) Native to eastern Africa.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p. (2) http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=5399 [Cited 2009 April 7].

2.03

(1) Specimen collected in Madagascar. Elevational range from 0-1200 m.

(1) http://www.tropicos.org/Specimen/1203626 [Cited 2009 April 9].

2.04

(1) Lepidium africanum is naturalized in New Zealand.

(1) Mummenhoff K, Linder P, Friesen N, Bowman JL, Lee J-Y, Franzke A. 2004. Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. American Journal of Botany. 91(2):254-261.

2.05

(1) Widespread weed of temperate and tropical regions.

(1) http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=5399 [Cited 2009 April 9].

3.01

(1) Lepidium africanum is naturalized in New Zealand. (2) Naturalized in Japan.

(1) Mummenhoff K, Linder P, Friesen N, Bowman JL, Lee J-Y, Franzke A. 2004. Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. American Journal of Botany. 91(2):254-261. (2) http://kbd.kew.org/kbd/detailedresult.do?id=336035 [Cited 2009 April 7].

3.02

(1) Lepidium africanum is a highly successful weed in Australia. (2) A widespread and successful weed of disturbed places in all States of Australia. (3) Naturalized in ancient salt pans, littoral vegetation, shrubland/grassland/herbland on Kaua‘i.

(1) Mummenhoff K, Linder P, Friesen N, Bowman JL, Lee J-Y, Franzke A. 2004. Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. American Journal of Botany. 91(2):254-261. (2) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A. Eichler H. Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.(3) Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T. 2006. New naturalized plant records for Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 88:1

3.03

(1) Lepidium africanum is considered a crop weed of concern in Southern Australia.

(1) Dellow J.J., Storrie A., Cheam A.H., King W McG., Jacobs S., Kemp D.R. 2006 Major brassicaceous weeds in Australian agriculture. In: Cheam A.H. (Editor). Wild Radish and other Cruciferous Weeds. Proceedings of a symposium held at The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA). 2006 July 11-12. South Perth

3.04

(1) Listed as an environmental weed, but no evidence of control efforts.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/lepidium_africanum. [Cited 2009 April 7].

3.05

(1) Lepidium latifolium is an invasive weed that is rapidly spreading throughout a wide range of habitats in the western United States.

(1) RENZ, M. J. and R. R. BLANK (2004). "Influence of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) Biology and Plant–Soil Relationships on Management and Restoration1." Weed Technology 18(sp1): 1359-1363.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

4.04

(1) In the arid karoo, Africa, sheep selected for Lepidium africanum for spring grazing.

(1) Du Toit P.C.V. 1998. A comparison of the diets selected by Merino and Dorper sheep on three range types of the Karoo, South Africa. Arch. Zootec 47: 21-32.

4.05

(1) No evidence in Toxnet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 9]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 9].

4.06

(1) No evidence of pests or pathogens found in USDA Agricultural Research Service's Fungal database. (2) No evidence in the Pacific Northwest Funji Database of pathogens.

(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm [Cited 2009 April 9].(2) http://pnwfungi.wsu.edu/programs/searchHostResult.asp?hostFamily=&hostGenus=Lepidium&hostSpecies
=africanum&fungusGenus=&fungusSpecies=&geography=&Submit=Search [Cited 2009 April 9].

4.07

(1) No evidence in Toxnet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 9]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 9].

4.08

Not likely. (1) Annual or perennial herb to 70 cm tall, erect.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

4.09

(1) Full sun, sun to partial shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/82926/ [Cited 2009 April 7].

4.10

(1) Lepidium africanum was found in fields with soil textures of heavy clay, medium clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, loam and silty loam in a study in Australia. Prefers neutral to acidic, heavy texture soils.

(1) Dellow J.J., Storrie A., Cheam A.H., King W McG., Jacobs S., Kemp D.R. 2006 Major brassicaceous weeds in Australian agriculture. In: Cheam A.H. (Editor). Wild Radish and other Cruciferous Weeds. Proceedings of a symposium held at The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA). 2006 July 11-12. South Perth

4.11

(1) Annual or perennial herb to 70 cm tall, erect.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial. Annual or perennial herb to 70 cm tall, erect.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

5.02

(1) Brassicaceae

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

5.03

(1) Brassicaceae, herbaceous

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

5.04

(1) No underground storage organs.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Produces viable seed.

(1) McIntyre S, Lavorel S, Tremont RM. 1995. Plant Life-History Attributes: Their Relationship to Disturbance Response in Herbaceous Vegetation. The Journal of Ecology . 3(1):31-44.

6.03

Unknown (1) ITS data indicates that species of a California lineage represented by Lepidium dictyotum was the most probable maternal parent of the Australian/New Zealand Lepidium species and that Lepidium africanum was among the parental taxa. The authors suggest that Australian Lepidium species are hybrids derived from a cross between colonizing species of the Californian and South African lineages.

(1) Mummenhoff K, Linder P, Friesen N, Bowman JL, Lee J-Y, Franzke A. 2004. Molecular evidence for bicontinental hybridogenous genomic constitution in Lepidium sensu stricto (Brassicaceae) species from Australia and New Zealand. American Journal of Botany. 91(2):254-261.

6.04

Unknown (1) The genus Lepidium includes a number of species capable of autogamy, these species tend to have reduced floral structures.

(1) Robertson I.C., Klemash D. 2003. Insect-mediated pollination in slickspot peppergrass, Lepidium papilliferum L. (Brassicaceae), and its implications for population viability. Western North American Naturalist 63 (3):333-342.

6.05

(1) Lepidium papilliferum is pollinated by insects. (2) Lepidium subulatum is pollinated by ants.

(1) Robertson I.C., Klemash D. 2003. Insect-mediated pollination in slickspot peppergrass, Lepidium papilliferum L. (Brassicaceae), and its implications for population viability. Western North American Naturalist 63 (3):333-342 (2)http://books.google.com/books?id=DEMpUZSvT1cC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=lepidium++%2B+%22
pollinator%22&source=bl&ots=jozRNiCs2N&sig=UkavqXB8DxIKjCSE0x2mXdxjnl0&hl=
en&ei=KJzeSbqkH6TcswPXufWsCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA92,M1 [Cited 2009 April 9].

6.06

(1) Does not reproduce by vegetative fragmentation.

(1) McIntyre S, Lavorel S, Tremont RM. 1995. Plant Life-History Attributes: Their Relationship to Disturbance Response in Herbaceous Vegetation. The Journal of Ecology . 3(1):31-44.

6.07

(1) Usually an annual plant, but may persist for 2 years.

(1) Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa. A Guide to the Identification and Control of More Than 300 Invasive Plants and Other Weeds.Pretoria, South Africa. Briza Publications.258 pp.

7.01

(1) Lepidium africanum is the most frequent and widely distributed Brassicaceous crop weed in South Australia.

(1) Dellow J.J., Storrie A., Cheam A.H., King W McG., Jacobs S., Kemp D.R. 2006 Major brassicaceous weeds in Australian agriculture. In: Cheam A.H. (Editor). Wild Radish and other Cruciferous Weeds. Proceedings of a symposium held at The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA). 2006 July 11-12. South Perth

7.02

No evidence of intentional dispersal.

7.03

(1) Lepidium africanum is the most frequent and widely distributed Brassicaceous crop weed in South Australia.

(1) Dellow J.J., Storrie A., Cheam A.H., King W McG., Jacobs S., Kemp D.R. 2006 Major brassicaceous weeds in Australian agriculture. In: Cheam A.H. (Editor). Wild Radish and other Cruciferous Weeds. Proceedings of a symposium held at The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA). 2006 July 11-12. South Perth

7.04

(1) Silicula ovate to obovate 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, wings slight in upper half, forming shallow notch approximately one-tenth length of fruit. Seeds 1.25 mm long.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

7.05

(1) Silicula ovate to obovate 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, wings slight in upper half, forming shallow notch approximately one-tenth length of fruit. Seeds 1.25 mm long.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

7.06

(1) Silicula ovate to obovate 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, wings slight in upper half, forming shallow notch approximately one-tenth length of fruit. Seeds 1.25 mm long.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

7.07

No external means of attachment. (1) Silicula ovate to obovate 2-3 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, wings slight in upper half, forming shallow notch approximately one-tenth length of fruit. Seeds 1.25 mm long.

(1) Biggs B.G, Barlow B.A., Eichler H., Pedley L., Ross J.H., Symon D.E., Wilson P.G., George A.S. 1982. Flora of Australia Volume 8 Lecythidales to Batales. Canberra. Australian Government Publishing Service. 420 p.

7.08

(1) Seeds and seedlings were found in the dung of Duiker, goat, Kudu and sheep in this study on seed dispersal by insectivores and herbivores.

(1) Milton SJ, Dean WRJ. 2001. Seeds dispersed in dung of insectivores and herbivores in semi-arid southern Africa. Journal of Arid Environments. 47(4):465-483.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) In this study on native grassland vegetation establishment, Lepidium africanum's presence increased from < 20 % in the quadrats to 47% of quadrats. Fire was used to stimulate native grass growth and control weedy species. The site was burned in 1993, 1995 and 1997.

(1) McDougall K.L., Morgan J.W. 2005. Establishment of native grassland vegetation at Organ Pipes National Park near Melbourne, Victoria: vegetation changes from 1989 to 2003. Ecological Management & Restoration 6 (1):34-42

8.05

Unknown