Lantana camara L. Family - Verbenaceae Common Names(s) - wild sage. Synonym(s) - Lantana aculeata

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

Total score:

32

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) The Lantanas are widely cultivated as ornamentals and most are considered to be varieties of L. camara. (2) "A highly variable species with a large number of cultivars differing mainly in flower colors.

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. (2)Weber, E. 2003 .Invasive plant species of the world a reference guide to environmental weeds. CABI Publishing. Cambridge.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Mexico; Central America; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Venezuela; Columbia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310628 [Cited 2010 July 21]

2.02

(1) Native to: Mexico; Central America; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Venezuela; Columbia

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310628 [Cited 2010 July 21]

2.03

(1) "It does not appear to have an upper temperature or rainfall limit and is often found in tropical areas receiving 3000 mm of rainfall year. Lantana seldom occurs where temperatures frequently fall <5°C. Lantana cannot survive under dense and intact canopies of taller native forest species and it is susceptible to frosts, low temperature, and saline soils. This plant tends to rot in boggy or hydromorphic soils and is sensitive to aridity." Lantana has a widespread distribution (35°N - 35°S) beyond its native range, becoming naturalized in ~60 countries. It covers an altitudinal range of up to 2000 m. in southern India.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

2.04

(1) Lantana has a widespread distribution (35°N - 35°S) beyond its native range, becoming naturalized in ~60 countries.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

2.05

(1) Lantana has a widespread distribution (35°N - 35°S) beyond its native range, becoming naturalized in ~60 countries.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

3.01

(1) Lantana has a widespread distribution (35°N - 35°S) beyond its native range, becoming naturalized in ~60 countries.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

3.02

(1) Lantana camara infests disturbed areas, such as roadsides, railway tracks, and canals.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

3.03

(1) "Forty-seven countries have reported Lantana camara as a weed in 14 crops. It has infested millions of hectares of natural grazing lands. In some areas of India its invasion of cultivated lands led to the shifting of several entire villages."

(1)Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

3.04

(1)"Lantana camara grows best in open, unshaded situations, such as degraded land, pasture, edges of tropical and subtropical forests, warm temperature forests, beachfronts, and forests recovering from fire or logging. It also invades forest plantations and riparian zones." In disturbed native forests, Lantana has become the dominant understory species, disrupting succession and decreasing biodiversity.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

3.05

(1) Lantana trifolia is invasive in Swaziland. It is considered a minor problem species.

(1) http://www.sntc.org.sz/alienplants/speciesinfo.asp?spid=110 [Cited 2010 July 21].

4.01

(1) An erect shrub armed with recurved prickles.

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

4.02

(1) Lantana camara has allelopathic properties that suppress seedling growth of nearly all species under its cover.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) Lantana benefits from the destructive foraging activities of vertebrates such as cattle, goats and pigs.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

4.05

(1) The leaves and seeds are poisonous for stock.

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

4.06

(1) Lantana camara is an alternative host of Diaporthe sp., Physalopora fusca, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Pratylenchus pratensis, Cyperus rotundus, Hoplothrips flaviceps and Thrips tabaci. L. camara spread the sandal spike disease in sandalwood forests in India.

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

4.07

(1) Some toxic reactions to Lantana camara have been recorded, especially in children.

(1) http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/LantanaKtp.htm [Cited 2010 July 21]

4.08

(1) Lantana burns readily even when green.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

4.09

(1) "Somewhat shade-tolerant and therefore can become the dominant understory in open forests or tropical tree crops."

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

4.10

(1) Lantana camara occurs on a variety of soil types.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

4.11

(1) Thicket-forming woody shrub. (2)"In its native range in tropical America, Lantana generally occurs in small clumps ≤1 m in diameter. In its naturalized range, it often forms dense monospecific thickets, 1–4 m high and ≈1–4 m in diameter, although some varieties climb trees and reach heights of 8–15 m."

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. (2) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

4.12

(1) Thicket-forming woody shrub. (2)"In its native range in tropical America, Lantana generally occurs in small clumps ≤1 m in diameter. In its naturalized range, it often forms dense monospecific thickets, 1–4 m high and ≈1–4 m in diameter, although some varieties climb trees and reach heights of 8–15 m."

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. (2) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Verbenaceae.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Verbenaceae.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) Shrub

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1) The density of Lantana camara is increasing in its native range, which poses a threat to ecosystems.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

6.02

(1) Reproduces by seed.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

6.03

(1) In Florida, Lantana camara has hybridized extensively with all three varieties of Lantana depressa, contaminating the endemic gene pool.

(1) http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf [Cited 2010 July 21]

6.04

(1) Individual Lantana flowers are able to self-pollinate.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by butterflies, thrips and bees.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

6.06

(1) Lantana camara can reproduce vegetatively through layering or suckering. Prostrate stems can root at the nodes if covered by moist soil.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

6.07

(1) Lantana camara flowers in the first year and can flower year round.

(1) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.01

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents." Seeds are also spread unintentionally by machinery and shoes.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.02

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents." Seeds are dispersed by gardeners.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.03

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents."

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.04

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents."

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.05

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents." Seeds are also spread by water.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.06

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents."

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.07

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents." Seeds get dispersed by animals when stuck in mud and attached to fur or hooves.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

7.08

(1) "Seeds are widely dispersed, predominantly through migration by birds, but also by kangaroos, bearded dragons, sheep, goats, cattle, foxes, jackals, monkeys and, possibly, rodents." Seeds get dispersed by animals when stuck in mud and attached to fur or hooves.(2) Lantana camara is spread by seeds, which are eaten by birds and spread long distances.

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. (2) Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

8.01

(1) Several thousand seeds per m2 are produced a year.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

8.02

(1) Seeds remain viable for several years.

(1)Sharma, G.P., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J. 2005. Lantana invasion: an overview. Weed Biology and Management. 5 (4):157-165.

8.03

(1) Glyphosate is marginally effective as a foliar spray and regrowth is common. Fluroxypyr (Vista) plus aminopyralid (Milestone VM) at rates of 2.6 pt and 7 oz/A, respectively, applied twice within 6 months is effective, but costly. Fluroxypyr or imazapyr applied as a basal application is consistently effective. However, mowing and spraying the freshly cut stumps is the easiest application technique and requires the least amount of herbicide

(1) http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/223 [Cited 1020 July 21]

8.04

(1) "Conventional control methods such as burning, slashing, and digging result in the regrowth of an even larger number of shoots"

(1) Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J. P. 1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu.

8.05

(1) Several biocontrol agents have been introduced to Hawaii. Six of the insects have become established statewide. Lantana is considered to be under partial to substantial control in the drier areas of Hawaii. In the wetter areas, biocontrol agents could be reintroduced.

(1) Davis, C.J., Yoshioka, E. & Kageler, D. (1992) Biological control of lantana, prickly pear, and Hamakua pamakani in Hawai'i: a review and update. In Stone, C.P., Smith, C.W. & Tunison, J.T. (Eds) Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawai'i: management and research, pp. 411-431. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu