Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Lagerstroemia speciosa; Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, queen's crape myrtle, pride of India

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, University of the West Indies.

planted but not naturalized in Jamaica

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Lagerstroemia+speciosa+ (11 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Temperate: China - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi
Asia-Tropical: Cambodia; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Thailand; Vietnam
Other: widely cult.

2.02

2.03

(1)CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1568/ (3)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/LAGSPEA.pdf

Approximate limits north to south: 35°N to 5°N
Climate descriptors
- Altitude range: 0 - 1500 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1500 - 4500 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer; uniform
- Dry season duration: 1 - 6 months
- Mean annual temperature: 15 - 30ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 34 - 48ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 3 - 19ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > 2ºC (2)USDA zones 10a-11 (3)USDA hardiness zones: 10B through 11

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Lagerstroemia+speciosa+ (11 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Temperate: China - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi
Asia-Tropical: Cambodia; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Thailand; Vietnam
Other: widely cult.

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries where planted (* country not in native range)
Asia
Bangladesh
China*
Taiwan
India Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Indian Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Indonesia* Java, Sumatra
Japan*
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines*
Singapore*
Sri Lanka
Thailand*
Vietnam
Africa
Nigeria*
[Tanzania] Zanzibar
Uganda*
Oceania Australia*

3.01

Adams, C. D. 1972, Flowering plants of Jamaica. Mona, University of the West Indies.

planted but not naturalized in Jamaica

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434

no description of these traits

4.02

ET: Influence of host species in the initial growth and development of sandal (Santalum album Linn.).
AU: Taide, Y. B.; Babu, L. C.; Abraham, C. C.
AA: College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara 680 654, Kerala, India.
SO: Indian Journal of Forestry, 1994, Vol.17, No.4, pp.288-292, 8 ref.
AB: Sandal is known to grow vigorously in association with certain preferred host plants. Pot experiments on the influence of 15 host plants on the initial growth and development of sandal are described here. Casuarina equisetifolia was the most suitable host, followed by Terminalia catappa , Albizia lebbeck , Dalbergia latifolia and Pongamia glabra [P. pinnata] . Emblica officinalis [Phyllanthus emblica], Ailanthus malabarica [A. triphysa], Cassia siamea, Delonix regia and Psidium guajava were not favourable for sandal growth. The other species tested were Leucaena leucocephala, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Swietenia mahagoni, Acacia auriculiformis and Azadirachta indica . Some combination

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1)Baruah, K. K.; Saikia, B. N.; Gohain, A. K.; Das, P. C.; Buragohain, S. C.; Kalita, C. (1994) Studies on chemical composition and palatability of ajar seeds on goats. Indian Veterinary Journal, 1994, Vol.71, No.6, pp.605-606, 3 ref. (2)Das, A. P.; Lahiri, A. K.1990. Angiospermic flora of Bethuadahari Reserve forest, Nadia (India). Indian Forester.116: 871-882.

(1) Ajar (Lagerstroemia fros-reginae [L. speciosa] ) seeds contain 10.03% CP, 0.84% ether extract, 17.5% fibre, 63.2% nitrogen-free extract and 8.43% ash. Diets containing 0, 25, 50 and 75% ajar seeds replacing wheat bran plus wheat forage were given for 6 weeks to 16 breeding male goats, average body weight 25 kg. Average DM intake was 1921, 2016, 913 and 674 g, respectively. (2)deer fodder

4.05

(1)Baruah, K. K.; Saikia, B. N.; Gohain, A. K.; Das, P. C.; Buragohain, S. C.; Kalita, C. (1994) Studies on chemical composition and palatability of ajar seeds on goats. Indian Veterinary Journal, 1994, Vol.71, No.6, pp.605-606, 3 ref. (2)Das, A. P.; Lahiri, A. K.1990. Angiospermic flora of Bethuadahari Reserve forest, Nadia (India). Indian Forester.116: 871-882.

(1) Ajar (Lagerstroemia fros-reginae [L. speciosa] ) seeds contain 10.03% CP, 0.84% ether extract, 17.5% fibre, 63.2% nitrogen-free extract and 8.43% ash. Diets containing 0, 25, 50 and 75% ajar seeds replacing wheat bran plus wheat forage were given for 6 weeks to 16 breeding male goats, average body weight 25 kg. Average DM intake was 1921, 2016, 913 and 674 g, respectively. (2)deer fodder

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

unlikely; deciduous tree with leathery leaves

4.09

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434 (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1568/

(1)"grows in full sun." (2)Full Sun

4.1

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434 (2) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/LAGSPEA.pdf

(1) "grows in a wide range of soils." (2)Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline; well-drained

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.297

"tree to 15 m high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Lythraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434

"seed germinate readily and seedlings flower the second year"

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Vitali-Veiga, M. de J.; Stanzani Dutra, J. C.; Letízio Machado, V. L. (1999) Floral visitors in Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. (Lythraceae). [FT: Visitantes florais de Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. (Lythraceae).] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 1999, Vol.16, No.2, pp.397-407, 7 ref.

AB: Studies were carried out with Lagerstroemia speciosa in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1990, on floral reproductive systems, diversity and constancy of visiting insects at different hours of the day, the behaviour of these insects at the flowers and the influence of environmental factors in relation to their visits. The phenology, anthesis and other characteristics of this plant species was studied. A great diversity of insects was verified visiting the flowers, dominated by bees. The most frequent and constant species encountered were: Nannotrigona testaceicornis (40,2%), Tetragonisca angustula (16,9%), Apis mellifera (11,8%), Plebeia droryana (9,1%) and Exomalopsis fulvofasciata (8,5%). The flowers showed features of melittophily and diurnal anthesis. The environmental factors influencing the insects' foraging activity were mainly temperature, light, time of day, humidity and wind speed. The effective pollinators were the large insects like Bombus morio , B. atratus , Centris tarsata , C. flavifrons , Xylocopa

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434

"seed germinate readily and seedlings flower the second year" [requires several additonal months for fruit maturation]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

"L. speciosa is one of the most beautiful ornamental trees when in flower and is widely planted in India in gardens, parks, homesteads and avenues."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.434

"fruit: dihiscent capsules; round, brown; 1inch wide; releasong 0.5-inch-long winged seeds in fall"

7.05

no evidence

7.06

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/LAGSPEA.pdf

does not attract wildlife;

7.07

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/LAGSPEA.pdf

does not attract wildlife;

7.08

not consumed

8.01

probably, based on characteristics of Lythraceae [millions of small seeds]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/LAGSPEA.pdf

The bark is thin and easily injured.

8.05

no evidence