Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Kalanchoe tomentosa
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 4 (low risk based on second screen)
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Kalanchoe tomentosa (panda plant, pussy ears) Family: Crassulaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01) | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | ||
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | ||
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | n | -2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | ||
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 1 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | ||
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | n | 0 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | n | 0 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | n | 0 |
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | y | 1 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | n | 0 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | ||
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | y | 1 |
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 2 | 0 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | n | -1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | ||
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | ||
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | ||
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | ||
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | ||
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | ||
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 4 | ||
| Second screening | Low risk |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | ||
| 1.03 | ||
| 2.01 | (1)"Native: AFRICA Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar (2)Native to Madagascar. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 259. |
| 2.02 | ||
| 2.03 |
(1)USDA: 9b-11 (2)USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8° C (25° F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1°C (30° F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (3)The two specimens at the Missouri Botanical Gardens electronic herbaria were obtained from 1000 and 1540 m. |
(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast |
| 2.04 | "Native: AFRICA Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar | http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl |
| 2.05 | Introduced to California, Hawaii and Tennessee. | http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ |
| 3.01 | No evidence of naturalization. | |
| 3.02 | No evidence | |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | "Kalanchoe tomentosa (panda plant)-- Asterolecanium sp., a pit scale: A moderate infestation involved 300 of 1000 plants at a nursery in Merritt Island (Brevard County; E97-3754; Karen L. Garrett-Kraus; 26 September 1997). " [No other evidence of infestations in this county or elsewhere]. | http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/97-sept-octall.htm |
| 3.05 | (1)Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is listed to be invasive. (2)Kalanchoe pinnata is listed to be invasive. | (1)http://www.invasive.org/browse/genus.cfm?id=Kalanchoe (2)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=5902 |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 4.05 | Probably not - "Leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana, K tubiflora, K fedtschenkoi, K tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were tested for toxicity to 2-week-old Leghorn chicks. These species were analyzed for percentage of alkaloids, aliphatic nitro compounds, soluble oxalates, and nitrates and were examined qualitatively for cyanogenic glycosides. The solubility of the toxic principle in K daigremontiana was determined. Leaves of K daigremontiana, K tubiflora, and K fedtschenkoi were toxic to chicks at dosage levels of 8 to 12 mg/g of body weight. Toxic signs included depression, muscular incoordination, twitching and spiraling of the neck, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and death. Kalanchoe tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were nontoxic at the highest dosage levels tested. Aliphatic nitro compounds and cyanogenic glycosides were not detected in any species. Alkaloids, nitrates, and soluble oxalates were present only in nontoxic concentrations. The toxic principle in K daigremontiana was soluble in 50%, 80%, and 100% ethanol, slightly soluble in water and acetone, and insoluble in benzene, chloroform, and ether." | Williams MC; Smith MC Am J Vet Res. 1984, Mar; 45(3):543-6. [American journal of veterinary research.] |
| 4.06 | The following fungi was listed to be associated with K. tomentosa: Stemphylium bolickii (Leaf spot.): Florida - 3237 - No evidence that the above is an economic pest. | https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm |
| 4.07 | No evidence | |
| 4.08 | Probably not - a succulent with thick fleshy leaves. | http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/panda_plant.htm |
| 4.09 | (1)Sun Exposure: Light shade or shade in summer in Phoenix (2)Culture: Kalanchoe tomentosa need full sun to light shade, or bright indirect lighting in the home. (3)"Here in the Northwest it is exclusively a houseplant, thriving in the low-humidity environment of the average home. ... It does fine with full morning sun right in the window." (4)"Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade" [Probably yes since it is grown as a house plant]. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week185.shtml (3)http://www.paghat.com/kalanchoe.html (4)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ |
| 4.1 |
Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) |
http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/1182/ |
| 4.11 | No evidence | |
| 4.12 | No evidence | |
| 5.01 | Succulent subshrub, up to 1.5 feet tall (45 cm) | http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | ||
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | No evidence | |
| 6.02 | Probably yes - (1)Seeds are available for purchase online. (1)"Rarely will it produce its tiny green flowers as a potted plant. This is just as well, since the flowers aren't especially attractive, & draw energy from the production of leaves." | (1)http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/a1.asp?title=Plants+of+Madagasca&list=63 (2)http://www.paghat.com/kalanchoe.html |
| 6.03 | (1)"Abstract: K. times vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes." (2)"Abstract: K. blossfeldiana was described by von Poellnitz in 1935. It is an endemic species of Madagascar where it was discovered in 1924 by Perrier de la Bathie, who described it as the variety coccinea of K. globulifera. By 1930 living plants had been spread throughout Europe and the United States. At the same time commercial growing was initiated by Blossfeld at Potsdam, Germany. Selection within the species, and from 1939, hybridization with several other Kalanchoe species yielded cultivars from which many have disappeared. K. blossfeldiana, like 2 selections, has 2n = 34 chromosomes. The remaining cultivars, which are likely of hybrid origin, are polyploids. They are usually tetraploids (2n = ca 69), but in some cases numbers of 2n = 72, 75, 84, 85 and 96 have been counted. Polyploidy already occurred in 1939, when the first interspecific cross, in this case with K. flammea (2n = 34), was recorded. Other species which have been crossed with K. blossfeldiana are K. pumila (2n = 40), K. grandiflora (2n = 34), K. schumacheri (2n = ?), K. kirkii (2n = ?) and K. manginii (2n = 34)." (3) "Leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana, K tubiflora, K fedtschenkoi, K tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were tested for toxicity to 2-week-old Leghorn chicks. These species were analyzed for percentage of alkaloids, aliphatic nitro compounds, soluble oxalates, and nitrates and were examined qualitatively for cyanogenic glycosides. The solubility of the toxic principle in K daigremontiana was determined. Leaves of K daigremontiana, K tubiflora, and K fedtschenkoi were toxic to chicks at dosage levels of 8 to 12 mg/g of body weight. Toxic signs included depression, muscular incoordination, twitching and spiraling of the neck, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and death. Kalanchoe tomentosa, K tomentosa X K beharensis, and 4 cultivars of K blossfeldiana were nontoxic at the highest dosage levels tested. Aliphatic nitro compounds and cyanogenic glycosides were not detected in any species. Alkaloids, nitrates, and soluble oxalates were present only in nontoxic concentrations. The toxic principle in K daigremontiana was soluble in 50%, 80%, and 100% ethanol, slightly soluble in water and acetone, and insoluble in benzene, chloroform, and ether." [Dont know if natural hybrids occur]. |
(1)Kroon, G. H. A note on the origin of Kalanchoee X vadensis Boom and
Zeilinga (Crassulaceae) Euphytica 76 (1-2) : 125 1994-1 (2)VAN OORST A; ARENDS J C THE ORIGIN AND CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF CULTIVARS OF KALANCHOE-BLOSSFELDIANA THEIR HISTORY AND EVOLUTION Euphytica 31 (3) : 573-584 1982 (3)Williams MC; Smith MC Am J Vet Res. 1984, Mar; 45(3):543-6. [American journal of veterinary research |
| 6.04 | Don’t know. | |
| 6.05 | (1)Flowers are not very attractive. (2)Photo of flowers [Probably not - flower morphology suggests unspecialized insect pollination] |
(1)http://www.paghat.com/kalanchoe.html
(2)http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bcss-liverpool.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/images/k_tom_flwr.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bcss-liverpool.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/kalanchoe.htm&h=583&w=780&sz=55&hl=en&start=5& tbnid=sUgyuAg9ekjypM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2527 Kalanchoe%2Btomentosa%2522%2Bflower%257Cflowers%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3 Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN |
| 6.06 | (1)Kalanchoe tomentosa are propagated by stem cutting or by leaf cuttings. Leaves removed from the plant very carefully will produce small plant in about 4 weeks. (2)"" … it is easily propagated from single leaves, detached and placed on damp soil or potting medium, which soon produces roots, then leafy shoots." [Probably yes - as broken off leaves can propagate leading to spread]. | http://www.plantoftheweek.org/week185.shtml |
| 6.07 | Succulent herb, cultivated for its attractive leaves and not so much for its flowers. - probably 2 to 3 years. | |
| 7.01 | No evidence that the species occurs or is grown in heavily trafficked areas. | |
| 7.02 | An ornamental house plant, grown for its attractive foliage. | http://www.paghat.com/kalanchoe.html |
| 7.03 | Probably not - no evidence that the plant occurs or is grown around seed crops. | |
| 7.04 | No evidence regarding dispersal mechanism. | |
| 7.05 | No evidence regarding dispersal mechanism. | |
| 7.06 | No evidence regarding dispersal mechanism. | |
| 7.07 | No evidence regarding dispersal mechanism. | |
| 7.08 | No evidence regarding dispersal mechanism. | |
| 8.01 | In the genus Kalanchoe - "Follicles many seeded. Seeds ellipsoid." but in Kalanchoe tomentosa -not known to flower and seed indoors. | (1)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=610&taxon_id=116917 (2)http://www.paghat.com/kalanchoe.html |
| 8.02 | No evidence regarding seedbank. | |
| 8.03 | No evidence that the species is being controlled for. | |
| 8.04 | Probably yes - | |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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This page created 23 December 2006