Kaempferia galanga L. Family - Zingiberaceae. Common Names(s) - Chengkur, Galanga. Synonym(s) - Alpinia galanga

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Galanga has been known in Europe for seven centuries, longer than its botanical origin [but no indication that plant has been modified in cultivation for lowered or increased invasive traits]

(1)Khare, C. P. 2003. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)China (Hainan Island). Distributed in the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia and Africa. Found throughout India.

(1)Khare, C. P. 2003. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

2.02

2.03

(1)Kaempferia galanga requires a warm humid climate. It thrives well up to an elevation of about 1500 m above MSL. [elevation distribution >1000 m] (2)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F)
USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F)
USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)
USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)Panda, H. 2004. Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses. Asia Pacific Business Press. Delhi, India. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/49145/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

2.04

(1)China (Hainan Island). Distributed in the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia and Africa. Found throughout India.

(1)Khare, C. P. 2003. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

2.05

(1)The plant is native to South India, but today mainly cultivated in South East Asia and China. It’s of no importance in today’s Indian cooking. (2)Two species of the Southeast Asian genus Kaempferia Linnaeus are infrequently grown in our gardens…The Indian species Kaempferia galanga Linnaeus, Chengkur, Chekur, or Kenchur, is commonly cultivated in tropical Asia.

(1)http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Kaem_gal.html [Accessed 24 Apr 2009] (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

3.01

(1)John Hosking, NSW Department of Agriculture, Weed Database 30 April 2003 (naturalised) [no other records of naturalization found, and no details on naturalization given with this reference]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_galanga/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009] (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

3.02

(1)The presence of remnant species from the original vegetation also contributed to species diversity. For example, Elephantopus scaber, Habenaria rostellifera Reichb. f., Kaempferia galanga, and Smilax sp. are forest species, and Drosera spp. and Utricularia aurea Lour. occur in natural wetlands. These species may be regarded as temporary weeds: they occur in newly established fields but gradually decline and eventually disappear. (2)Not listed as a weed of any situation

(1)Kosaka, Y., S. Takeda, S. Sithirajvongsa and Khamleck Xaydala. 2006. Plant diversity in paddy fields in relation to agricultural practices in Savannakhet Province, Laos. Economic Botany 60(1): 49-61. (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_galanga/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_galanga/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_galanga/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

3.05

Several species listed as weeds, but unable to find confirmed literature on negative impacts or control of any species (1)Kaempferia rotunda: Liogier, H.A. (2000). Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. A Systematic Synopsis. (2nd Edition). Universidad de Puerto Rico (cultivation escape, weed) [unclear if this species is naturalized, see reference 2] (2)Kaempferia rotunda L., native to the East Indies, was cited by Liogier & Martorell (1982, 2000) and is based on a specimen record from the Río Abajo Forest Reserve (Arecibo: Río Abajo, Liogier et al. 30879, UPR). However, the identity of the specimen is uncertain because it is sterile and has uncharacteristic leaves for that species. (3)Kaempferia pulchra listed as an agricultural weed [no information on impacts or control]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_rotunda/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009] (2)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. and M. T. Strong. 2005. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, volume 52: 415. (3)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/kaempferia_pulchra/ [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.01

(1)Rhizomes pale green or greenish white inside, tuberous, fragrant. Leaves usually 2, spreading flat on ground, subsessile; leaf sheath 2–3 cm; leaf blade green, orbicular, 7–20 × 3–17 cm, glabrous on both surfaces or villous abaxially, margin usually white, apex mucronate or acute. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, enclosed by imbricate leaf sheaths, sessile, few to many flowered; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm. Calyx equaling bracts. Corolla tube 2–2.5 cm; lobes white, linear, ca. 1.2 cm. Lateral staminodes obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.2 cm. Labellum ca. 2.5 × 2 cm, apex slightly 2-lobed or deeply 2-cleft; lobes white with purple markings at base.

(1)http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume24/ZINGIBERACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.02

(1)Vegetative growth is better in partial shade, offering great potential for its cultivation as inter-crop in coconut, arecanut, banana and other widely spaced perennial crops. Potential of growing Kacholam as an inter-crop in coconut gardens was highlighted by Nair. Multistoried cropping of clove and Kacholam in a seven year old coconut plantation was reported to be better than mono-cropping of coconut. [no mention of allelopathic properties in plant] (2)Undiluted extract of Alpinia officinarum Hance, A. chinensis, C. myrrha, C. longa, D. febrifuga, Kaempferia galanga L., M. falcatum, P. calliantha, and S. acutum showed a higher inhibition rate on S. hermonthica germination (greater than 70%). Among them, a complete inhibition occurred in the extract of C. longa. [undilited extract shows some inhibitive properties, but direct evidence from field is lacking]

(1)Panda, H. 2004. Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses. Asia Pacific Business Press. Delhi, India. (2)Ma, Y. Q., J. M. Cheng, S. Inanaga, and J. F. Shui. 2004. Induction and Inhibition of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Germination by Extracts of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs. Agron. J. 96:1349–1356.

4.03

(1)Rhizomes pale green or greenish white inside, tuberous, fragrant. Leaves usually 2, spreading flat on ground, subsessile; leaf sheath 2–3 cm; leaf blade green, orbicular, 7–20 × 3–17 cm, glabrous on both surfaces or villous abaxially, margin usu-ally white, apex mucronate or acute. Inflorescences terminal on pseudostems, enclosed by imbricate leaf sheaths, sessile, few to many flowered; bracts lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm. Calyx equaling bracts. Corolla tube 2–2.5 cm; lobes white, linear, ca. 1.2 cm. Lateral staminodes obovate-cuneate, ca. 1.2 cm. Labellum ca. 2.5 × 2 cm, apex slightly 2-lobed or deeply 2-cleft; lobes white with purple markings at base.

(1)http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume24/ZINGIBERACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.04

Unknown [no information on palatability to animals found]

4.05

(1)Internal poison: no Dermatologic poison: no Livestock poison: no

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/KA/Kaempferia%20galanga.htm [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.06

(1)Insect pests are not yet reported in the crop. Leaf rot disease is found to occur during rainy months which could be controlled by drenching the beds with 3% organo mercurial fungicides or 1% Bordeaux mixture. Spraying the crop with 0.2% Thiram is also effective. [apparently not a host of major crop pests or diseases]

(1)Panda, H. 2004. Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses. Asia Pacific Business Press. Delhi, India.

4.07

(1)Usage: spice (flavoring of rice, for samballans, etc.). Parts Used: rhizome, leaf…Note. The root powder also used as a perfume in cosmetics, e.g. shampoos. [no indication that plant is toxic or causes allergies] (2)Slices of the dried rhizome may be cooked with vegetable or meat dishes, but mostly the spice is used fresh and grated or crushed. It is essential for Jawanese cooking (Rijstafel) and often appears in the characteristically spicy-sweet foods of that island.

(1)Seidemann, J. 2005. World spice plants. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. (2)http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Kaem_gal.html [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.08

(1)Kaempferias are low, rather slow-growing herbs requiring moist areas in open shade. [unlikely given growth form and habitat]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.09

(1)Kaempferias are low, rather slow-growing herbs requiring moist areas in open shade. (2)K. galanga is a shade loving plant.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Panda, H. 2004. Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses. Asia Pacific Business Press. Delhi, India.

4.10

(1)K. galanga thrives best in slightly shaded places such as open forest, forest edges, and bamboo forest, on various soils, up to 1000 m altitude.

(1)http://www.globinmed.com/IMRContent/detail.aspx?id=BOT00030 [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

4.11

(1)Kaempferias are low, rather slow-growing herbs requiring moist areas in open shade.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1)K. galanga, which is grown for medicine and as a spice, is an almost stemless plant that develops its few short-lived leaves and the flower at ground level. [no evidence, and growth form suggests it will not prevent other plants from establishing]

(1)http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Kaem_gal.html [Accessed 24 Apr 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Zingiberaceae

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

5.03

(1)Zingiberaceae

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

5.04

(1)The underground rhizome has one or more prominent, vertically oriented tuberous root-stock and many small secondary tubers and roots, their tips becoming tuberous. (2)Like curcumas, these small gingers sprout from thickened rhizomes that also carry storage tubers; the fast-multiplying rootstocks offer a ready means for increase and may be divided in spring as they break dormancy.

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Ogden, S. 2007. Garden Bulbs for the South. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Khare, C. P. 2003. Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

6.02

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [but see reference 2] (2)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [all references refer to propagation by division of fragments, so seed production in cultivation may be limited]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

6.03

(1)Fairly well known species with no mention or evidence of natural hybridization

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Unknown

6.06

(1)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [no evidence of natural spread by rhizome fragmentation]

(1)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

6.07

(1)The crop matures in about 6-7 months after planting

(1)Panda, H. 2004. Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses. Asia Pacific Business Press. Delhi, India.

7.01

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [no means of external attachment] (2)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [no evidence of unintentional dispersal of rhizome fragments]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

7.02

(1)Two species of the Southeast Asian genus Kaempferia Linnaeus are infrequently grown in our gardens…The Indian species Kaempferia galanga Linnaeus, Chengkur, Chekur, or Kenchur, is commonly cultivated in tropical Asia.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.03

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [no evidence that this plant is contaminant of produce]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

7.04

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate.

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

7.05

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [no evidence that seeds are buoyant] (2)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [no evidence that rhizomes float]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

7.06

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate.

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

7.07

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [no means of external attachment] (2)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [no means of external attachment]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

7.08

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate.

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India.

8.01

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [no evidence of prolific seed production] (2)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [all references refer to propagation by division of fragments, so seed production in cultivation may be limited]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

8.02

(1)fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-valved capsules, seeds arillate [viability of seeds, if or when produced, unknown…no information found]

(1)Warrier, P. K., V. P. K. Nambiar, C. Ramankutty, and R. Vasudevan Nair. 1994. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species. Orient Blackswan. Himayatnagar, India. (2)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

8.03

Unknown [no information on control found]

8.04

(1)The species is propagated by rhizome fragments [unknown if mutilation or cultivation of species will enable spread from rhizome fragments]

(1)Peter, K. V. (ed.). 2004. Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing.

8.05

Unknown