Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Justicia brandegeeana (Beloperone guttata); shrimp plant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209 (2)Long, R. W., and O. Lakela. 1971, A flora of tropical Florida. Miami, University of Miami Press. (3)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)" locally naturalized in pennisular Florida." (2) may persist for short periods around old dwellings (3)Occasional escape from cultivation, disturbed sites

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100699 (17 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico
Southern America: Guatemala; Honduras
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/beloper.cfm (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

(1)USDA Zone 9-10. (2)Specimens in native range <1000 m elevation

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100699 (17 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico
Southern America: Guatemala; Honduras
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.05

(1) Chatzivassiliou, E. K.; Livieratos, I.; Jenser, G.; Katis, N. I. (2000) Ornamental plants and thrips populations associated with tomato spotted wilt virus in Greece. Phytoparasitica, 2000, Vol.28, No.3, pp.257-264, 28 ref.
(2) Adriansen, E.(1984) PP 333 - a versatile growth retardant for pot plants. [FT: Alsidigt retardingsmiddel til potteplanter - PP 333.] Gartner Tidende, 1984, Vol.100, No.45, pp.1430-1431, 4 ref.
(3) Zimmer, K. (1978) On the growing of unusual pot plants. [FT: Zur Kultur seltenerer Topfpflanzen.Deutscher Gartenbau, 1978, Vol.32, No.29, pp.1188-1190, 4 ref.
(4) UK, Fairfield Experimental Horticulture Station (1975) Ornamental plants. UK, Fairfield Experimental Horticulture Station: Seventeenth annual report 1975., 1976, 66 pp. (5)www.coxarchitects.com/flowersindex.htm

(1) Greece, (2) Denmark, (3) Germany, (4) UK, [Florida, Hawai‘i] (5)Caribbean

3.01

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209 (2)Long, R. W., and O. Lakela. 1971, A flora of tropical Florida. Miami, University of Miami Press. (3)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)" locally naturalized in pennisular Florida." (2) may persist for short periods around old dwellings (3)Occasional escape from cultivation, disturbed sites

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

J, insularis was listed as a principal weed in Ghana; J. peetoralis was listed as a common weed in Ttinidad; J. procumbens was listed as a common weed in China; J. simplex was listed as a principal weed in India.

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

http://www.minitaly.com/floppy/txt/Plants_and_Cats.htm

safe plant for pets

4.06

Chatzivassiliou, E. K.; Livieratos, I.; Jenser, G.; Katis, N. I. 2000. Ornamental plants and thrips populations associated with tomato spotted wilt virus in Greece. Phytoparasitica 28:257-264

tomato spotted wilt virus

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290
(2) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209 (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/beloper.cfm (4)http://www.botanyworld.com/beloperone.html

(1) "sunny to partial shaded places are preferred."
(2) "Full sun for more compact growth, better flowering." (3)Full to part sun (4)They will stand light shade

4.1

(1) Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290
(2) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209 (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/beloper.cfm

(1) "Light, well drained soil "
(2) " requires high soil moisture and high fertility." (3)Fertile, well drained soil

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290

"shrub to 1.5 m high."

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Acanthaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290

fruit a capsule 1-1.5 cm long. [all references indicate that propagation is only by cuttings]

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209

"Hummingbirds are particullarly attracted to Justicia brandegeana."

6.06

no evidence [not natural]

6.07

(1)Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.209 (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/beloper.cfm

(1)"rapid growth rate" (2)Fast growing [estimate based on a fast-growing semi-shrub

7.01

no evidence

7.02

widely cultivated

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.290

fruit a capsule 1-1.5 cm long.

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Wagner et al. 1990 Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i.

4 seeds per capsule (Justicia)

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/b/beloper.cfm (2)http://www.botanyworld.com/beloperone.html

(1)Killed to ground by hard frosts but recovers quickly. [implies rapid regrowth from roots] (2)Cutting the plant back will prevent it from looking ratty.

8.05

no evidence