Jatropha podagrica Hook. Family - Euphorbiaceae. Common Names(s) - Guatemalan-rhubarb, purgingnut, white-rhubarb. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20703 [Cited 2009 March 11].

2.02

(1) Native to Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20703 [Cited 2009 March 11].

2.03

(1) USDA Zones: 10a - 11.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2445/ [Cited 2009 March 11].

2.04

(1) Native to Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20703 [Cited 2009 March 11].

2.05

(1) Widely cultivated in tropical countries aroung the world. It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalised in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. It is found in Florida and is a common plant in the Hawaiian Islands. It was introduced to southern Africa, and has spread from Mozambique through Zambia to the Transvaal and Natal. It is also found in the warmer parts of Asia.

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

3.01

(1) Widely cultivated in tropical countries aroung the world. It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalised in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. It is found in Florida and is a common plant in the Hawaiian Islands. It was introduced to southern Africa, and has spread from Mozambique through Zambia to the Transvaal and Natal. It is also found in the warmer parts of Asia.

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

3.02

No evidence of control although Jatropha podagrica is widely cultivated around the world and naturalised in Australia. (1) The Global Compendium of Weeds lists it as a cultivation escape in Puerto Rico.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/jatropha_podagrica/ [Cited 2009 March 12].

3.03

No evidence. (1) Widely cultivated in tropical areas of the world.

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

3.04

No evidence of control although Jatropha podagrica is widely cultivated around the world and naturalised in Australia. (1) The Global Compendium of Weeds lists it as an environmental weed in New South Wales.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/jatropha_podagrica/ [Cited 2009 March 12].

3.05

(1) Jatropha gossypifolia L. is a serious weed of northern Australia.

(1) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBP-4TMJ3YG-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version
=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cfbefa888d134dd743fc1f3e4ca35e7e [Cited 2009 March 11].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

(1) "Poisoning from ingestion of the seeds of Jatropha podagrica is well known in veterinary practices and autopsy findings include: severe gastro-enteritis, nephritis, myocardial degenration, haemagglutination, and subepicardial and subendocardial haemorrhages as well as renal subcortical and subpleural bleeding"

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

4.05

(1) "Poisoning from ingestion of the seeds of Jatropha podagrica is well known in veterinary practices and autopsy findings include: severe gastro-enteritis, nephritis, myocardial degenration, haemagglutination, and subepicardial and subendocardial haemorrhages as well as renal subcortical and subpleural bleeding"

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

4.06

(1) Jatropha is relatively pest free. [no evidence]

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=n2BExzst4YYC&pg=PA214&dq=Jatropha+podagrica [Cited 2009 March 12].

4.07

(1) All parts of the plant are considered poisonous, but particuarly the seeds. "Symptoms are largely those associated with gastro-intestinal irritation. There is acute abdominal pain and a burning sensation in the throat about half an hour after ingestion of the seeds, followed by nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. There may be CNS and cardiovascular depression and collapse; children are more susceptible."

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11]. http://books.google.com/books?id=n2BExzst4YYC&pg=PA214&dq=Jatropha+podagrica (2) Exudes a milky latex that causes allergic skin reactions in some people. [Cited 2009 March 12].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun. (2) Grows well in full sun but will tolerate moderate shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2445/ [Cited 2009 March 11]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=u8I1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA11-PA91&dq=Jatropha+podagrica&lr= [Cited 2009 March 12].

4.10

(1) Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral).

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2445/ [Cited 2009 March 11].

4.11

(1) Erect subshrub.

(1) Dehgan B. 1982. Novel Jatrophas for Florida landscapes. Poc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:277-280.

4.12

does not grow in thickets

5.01

(1) Terrestrial subshrub.

(1) Dehgan B. 1982. Novel Jatrophas for Florida landscapes. Poc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:277-280.

5.02

(1) Euphorbiaceae

(1) Dehgan B. 1982. Novel Jatrophas for Florida landscapes. Poc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:277-280.

5.03

(1) Euphorbiaceae

(1) Dehgan B. 1982. Novel Jatrophas for Florida landscapes. Poc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:277-280.

5.04

(1) No bulbs, corms, or tubers.

(1) Dehgan B. 1982. Novel Jatrophas for Florida landscapes. Poc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 95:277-280.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Propagation by seeds.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2445/ [Cited 2009 March 11].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

The flowers are red, the male flower starts, but it can self-pollinate.

http://www.bihrmann.com/caudiciforms/subs/jat-pod-sub.asp

6.05

(1) Jatropha curcas is pollinated by bees. (2) Corolla tube shape not suggestive of specialist pollinator.

(1) http://www.biotrop.org/specpub.php?act=specpubdet&id=18 [Cited 2009 March 12] (2) http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/jatropha_podagrica.php

6.06

(1) Propagation by seeds.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2445/ [Cited 2009 March 11].

6.07

They are over a year now and I am waiting for flowers to come. [definitely more than 1 year; probably ~3 years]]

http://www.hplants.com/jatropha-podagrica.aspx

7.01

Large seeds unlikely to be accidentally dispersed

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated in tropical countries aroung the world. It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalised in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. It is found in Florida and is a common plant in the Hawaiian Islands. It was introduced to southern Africa, and has spread from Mozambique through Zambia to the Transvaal and Natal. It is also found in the warmer parts of Asia.

(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jpoc.htm#SectionTitle:1.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Scientific%20name [Cited 2008 March 11].

7.03

Not used in cut flower industry or found in hayfields.

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Frt. Ellipsoid, 3 angled, ca 0.75" long, glabrous.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.05

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, dry or fleshy. Frt. Ellipsoid, 3 angled, ca 0.75" long, glabrous. (2) "A diplochorous dispersal system, in which autochory (ballistic discharge of seeds from explosively dehiscent capsules) is followed by myrmecochory, is a common feature in many euphorbs, particularly among Neotropical species." Jatropha ribifolia, Jatropha mutabilis, Jatropha mollissima, and Jatropha gossypifolia all have seed dispersal by ants and have elaiosomes which contribute to this mutualism.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2) Leal, I., R. Wirth, et al. (2007). "Seed Dispersal by Ants in the Semi-arid Caatinga of North-east Brazil." Annals of Botany.

7.06

(1) Fruit a dehiscent capsule, dry or fleshy. Frt. Ellipsoid, 3 angled, ca 0.75" long, glabrous. (2) "A diplochorous dispersal system, in which autochory (ballistic discharge of seeds from explosively dehiscent capsules) is followed by myrmecochory, is a common feature in many euphorbs, particularly among Neotropical species." (2) Leal, I., R. Wirth, et al. (2007). "Seed Dispersal by Ants in the Semi-arid Caatinga of North-east Brazil." Annals of Botany.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.07

(1) Frt. Ellipsoid, 3 angled, ca 0.75" long, glabrous."A diplochorous dispersal system, in which autochory (ballistic discharge of seeds from explosively dehiscent capsules) is followed by myrmecochory, is a common feature in many euphorbs, particularly among Neotropical species." [carried by ants]

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2) Leal, I., R. Wirth, et al. (2007). "Seed Dispersal by Ants in the Semi-arid Caatinga of North-east Brazil." Annals of Botany.

7.08

seeds not consumed

8.01

(1) Inflorescence terminal, flat-topped panicle. Three seeds or less per fruit.

(1) Staples, G. W., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown