Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 8
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments |
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Jatropha multifida L. Family - Euphorbiaceae Common Names(s) - coralplant, French physicnut, Spanish physicnut, flor-de-coral Synonym(s) - |
Answer |
Score |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
||
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
||
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? |
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
2 |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
2 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
2 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.10 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
||
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
|
Total score: |
8 |
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Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Source |
|
|
1.01 |
No evidence. |
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|
1.02 |
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|
1.03 |
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|
2.01 |
(1) Native to tropical America (2) Native to Mexico, Brazil, West Indies |
(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jmulti.htm#SubSectionTitle:3.1.3%20%20%20%20Distribution [2010 March 18].(2) http://floridagardener.com/pom/jatropha_multifida.htm [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
2.02 |
(1) Native to tropical America (2) Native to Mexico, Brazil, West Indies |
(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jmulti.htm#SubSectionTitle:3.1.3%20%20%20%20Distribution [2010 March 18].(2) http://floridagardener.com/pom/jatropha_multifida.htm [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
2.03 |
(1) Altitudinal range 1370 meters. (2) Cultivated from sea level to 800 m in Thailand (3) USDA Hardiness zones: 9b-11. (4) USDA Zones 9-11. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1
[Cited 2010 March 16] (2) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida
[Cited 2010 March 16]. (3) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55308/ [Cited
2010 March 16] (4)
http://books.google.com/books?id=WxW4Scq6kU8C&pg=PA193&dq=jatropha+multifida+%2B+%22 |
|
2.04 |
(1) "Native to tropical America, but is now cultivated widely in tropical countries throughout the world. It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalized in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory." |
(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jmulti.htm#SubSectionTitle:3.1.3%20%20%20%20Distribution [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
2.05 |
(1) Cultivated as a hedge plant and ornamental in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (2) Cultivated from sea level to 800 m in Thailand (3) Widely cultivated as an ornamental. (4) "Native to tropical America, but is now cultivated widely in tropical countries throughout the world. It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalized in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. In Florida it is found chiefly south of Orlando. It is also a common plant in the Hawaiian Islands. Introduced to southern Africa, the plant has spread from Mozambique through Zambia to the Transvaal and Natal. This specie sis also found throughout the warmer parts of Asia." |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1
[Cited 2010 March 16] (2) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida
(3) http://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq= |
|
3.01 |
(1) Jatropha multifida has been introduced and naturalized in the southern United States and throughout the tropics. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq= |
|
3.02 |
(1) Self-sows freely, deadhead if you do not want volunteer seedlings. (2) Can self-seed and be invasive. (3) Jatropha multifida is found along roadsides and in gardens in St. Croix. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55308/ [Cited 2010
March 18] (2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_multifida.html
[Cited 2010 March 18] (3)
http://books.google.com/books?id=EJMYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62&dq= |
|
3.03 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/jatropha_multifida/ [Cited 2010 March 16]. |
|
3.04 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/jatropha_multifida/ [Cited 2010 March 16]. |
|
3.05 |
(1) Jatropha gossypifolia forms dense thickets crowding out other species. Probably introduced as an ornamental in the late 1800s. (2) Jatropha curcas is a declared weed in the Northern Territory and in Western Australia. It is an eradication target in the Northern Territory. |
(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=&card=S15 [Cited 2010 March 18]. (2) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Jatropha-Curas-Risk-Assessment.pdf [Cited 2010 March 18] |
|
4.01 |
(1) No spines, thorns or burrs. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
4.02 |
Unknown |
|
|
4.03 |
(1) Not parasitic. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
4.04 |
Unknown [however it appears cattle eat the seed] (1) "Poisoning from ingestion of the seeds of the Jatropha multifida is well known in veterinary practice and autopsy findings include: severe gastro-enteritis, nephritis, myocardial degeneration, haemagglutination, and subepicardial and subendocardial haemorrhages as well as renal subcortical and subpleural bleeding" |
(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jmulti.htm#SubSectionTitle:7.2.2%20%20%20%20Animal%20data [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
4.05 |
(1) "Poisoning from ingestion of the seeds of the Jatropha multifida is well known in veterinary practice and autopsy findings include: severe gastro-enteritis, nephritis, myocardial degeneration, haemagglutination, and subepicardial and subendocardial haemorrhages as well as renal subcortical and subpleural bleeding" |
(1) http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jmulti.htm#SubSectionTitle:7.2.2%20%20%20%20Animal%20data [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
4.06 |
(1) Jatropha multifida is a known host for African cassava mosaic virus as well as a possible source of transmission of the cassava super-elongation disease (Sphaceloma manihoticola). (2) African cassava mosaic virus is an Hawaii Department of Agriculture restricted plant virus. |
(1) http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1219e/i1219e.pdf [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://hawaii.gov/hdoa/admin-rules/subtitle-6-division-of-plant-industry/AR-71A-RA.pdf [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
4.07 |
(1) The sap of Jatropha multifida is used in Khok Pho District, Pattani Province, Thailand for stomach pain. (2) Children ingested seeds of Jatropha multifida, the latent period before the onset of symptoms ranged from half to 3 hours. The symptoms and signs of poisoning include: vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, loose motions, drowsiness, and shock. There were no fatalities. (3) All parts of the plant are poisonous if ingested. |
(1) http://www.medplant.mahidol.ac.th/publish/journal/ebooks/j12%282%2923-45.pdf [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) Lucas, G.N. 2006. Plant poisoning in Sri Lankan children: a hospital based prospective study. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 35:111-124. (3) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55308/ [Cited 2010 March 16]. |
|
4.08 |
Unknown |
|
|
4.09 |
(1) "This plant is very adaptable and may be found growing on a windy site with poor, dry, rocky soil in sun or open shade." (2) Sun to intermittent shade. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq= |
|
4.10 |
(1) "This plant is very adaptable and may be found growing on a windy site with poor, dry, rocky soil in sun or open shade." (2) Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) (2) Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Is not particularly tolerant of salt spray or salty soil. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq= |
|
4.11 |
(1) A glabrous eglandular shrub usually up to 2 m high, sometimes taller. Branchlets thick. Latex white. Stipules 1.5–2 cm long, multifid, the segments setaceous. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
4.12 |
Unknown |
|
|
5.01 |
(1) Terrestrial |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
5.02 |
(1) Euphorbiaceae. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
5.03 |
(1) Euphorbiaceae. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
5.04 |
(1) A shrub. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1 [Cited 2010 March 16] |
|
6.01 |
No evidence. |
|
|
6.02 |
(1) Propagate from seed. Self-sows freely. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55308/ [Cited 2010 March 16]. |
|
6.03 |
(1) Dehgan artificially produced hybrid between Jatropha curcas and Jatropha multifida. |
(1) http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Jatropha-Curas-Risk-Assessment.pdf [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
6.04 |
(1) The National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board in India did reproductive studies on hybrid clones of Jatropha spp. The apomictic nature of J. multifida was detected by crossing five different species of Jatropha in all possible combinations. |
(1) Divakara, B.N., Upadhyaya, H.D., Wani, S.P., Laxmipathi Gowda, C.L., 2010. Biology and genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas L.: a review. Applied Energy 87, 732-742. |
|
6.05 |
(1) Inflorescences terminal; peduncle 13-20 cm; pedicels short; flowers dense. Male flowers: calyx 2-3 mm, lobes 5, rotund, glabrous; sepals 5, spatulate, red, ca. 4 mm; stamens 8; filaments connate at base; anthers elongate. Female flowers: calyx as in male; sepals 6-7 mm, red; ovary glabrous; styles 3, connate in lower 1/2. (2) Jatropha curcas is pollinated by Apis spp. (3) Jatropha gossypiifolia is pollinated by insect foragers. [genus level pollination indicates insect pollinators] |
(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 (2) http://www.biotrop.org/res.php?act=resdet&id=6&kat=4 [Cited 2010 March 18] (3) http://www.springerlink.com/content/a428q01186u7v663/ [Cited 2010 March 18] |
|
6.06 |
(1) Reproduce by seeds or vegetative cuttings. (2) Propagate from seed. |
(1) http://newjatrophaworld.com/ [Cited 2010 March 18]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55308/ [Cited 2010 March 18] |
|
6.07 |
(1) Medium growth rate. (2) Fast growth rate. |
(1) http://www.zoneten.com/shrubs_2.htm [Cited 2010 March 18] (2) http://floridagardener.com/pom/jatropha_multifida.htm [Cited 2010 March 18] |
|
7.01 |
(1) Jatropha multifida is found along roadsides and in gardens in St. Croix. |
(1)
http://books.google.com/books?id=EJMYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62&dq= |
|
7.02 |
(1) Cultivated as a hedge plant and ornamental in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (2) Cultivated from sea level to 800 m in Thailand (3) Widely cultivated as an ornamental. |
(1) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.FLORA.FZ7150&pgs=&cookieSet=1
[Cited 2010 March 16] (2) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida
(3) http://books.google.com/books?id=C8xJE2NfQpIC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq= |
|
7.03 |
(1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm Cultivated for ornamental and medicinal purposes. |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
7.04 |
(1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm [no adaptation for wind dispersal] |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
7.05 |
Unknown (1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
7.06 |
(1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm [fruit is a capsule no evidence of bird ingestion]. |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
7.07 |
(1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm [no means of external attachment] |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
7.08 |
(1) Fruits somewhat obpyriform and trilobed, c. 3 by 3 cm diameter, the lobes slightly keeled, tardily septicidally dehiscent to subdrupaceous. Seeds broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.5–2 by c. 1.5 cm. (2) Capsules ellipsoidal to obovate, ca. 3 cm [no evidence of ingestion] |
(1) http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThJspecies/ThJatropha.htm#Jatropha_multifida [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242413464 [Cited 2010 March 18]. |
|
8.01 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.02 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.03 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.04 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.05 |
Unknown |
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This page created 25 October 2010