Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Jatropha integerrima (Jatropha hastata, Peregrina, Spicy jatropha)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) It has escaped cultivation and become established in disturbed areas in extreme southern Florida. (2)It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalised in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. (3)A rare escape from cultivation in Florida (4)Not well established in Florida [evidence of naturalization is borderline, but answered yes because 2 independent locations]

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm (2)http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jhast.htm#
SectionTitle:3.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Description%20of%20the%20plant (3)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville (4)Long, R.W. and Lakela, O. 1971. A flora of Tropical Florida. University of Miami Press, Miami.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native to Cuba (2)Origin- Cuba and South America (3) Native of Cuba

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/html/autogend/species/10577.HTM (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html (3)http://216.239.57.100/search?q=cache:E5yJDJ8ZjrcC:hort.ifas.ufl.edu
/trees/JATINTA.pdf+Jatropha+integerrima&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA hardiness zones 10B to 11 (2)All specimens < 1000 M elevaton.

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

(1)Native to Cuba (2)Origin- Cuba and South America (3) Native of Cuba

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/html/autogend/species/10577.HTM (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html (3)http://216.239.57.100/search?q=cache:E5yJDJ8ZjrcC:hort.ifas.ufl.edu
/trees/JATINTA.pdf+Jatropha+integerrima&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

2.05

(1) It has escaped cultivation and become established in disturbed areas in extreme southern Florida.
(2) India, (3) Hawaii (4)SW USA

(1) It has escaped cultivation and become established in disturbed areas in extreme southern Florida.
(2) Chaturvedi, M.; Jehan, M. (1982) Studies on floral and micromorphological characters of pollen and leaf of Jatropha species. Acta Botanica Indica, 1982, Vol.10, No.2, pp.246-251, 4 ref.
(3) Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowing plants of Hawai‘i. Revised edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. 1919pp. p.621 (4)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html

3.01

(1) It has escaped cultivation and become established in disturbed areas in extreme southern Florida. (2)It is grown occasionally in warmer parts of Australia and is naturalised in a few places in Queensland and the Northern Territory. (3)A rare escape from cultivation in Florida (4)Not well established in Florida [evidence of naturalization is borderline, but answered yes because 2 independent locations]

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm (2)http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/jhast.htm
#SectionTitle:3.1%20%20%20%20%20%20Description%20of%20the%20plant (3)Wunderlin, R.P. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville (4)Long, R.W. and Lakela, O. 1971. A flora of Tropical Florida. University of Miami Press, Miami.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

Invasive potential: little, if any, potential at this time

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/jatinta.pdf

3.05

(1) AB: "Notes are presented on the morphology, distribution and biological control of the bellyache bush (J. gossypiifolia ) by the seed-sucking bug, Agonosoma trilineatum . "
(2) AB: "As part of a programme to develop effective and affordable integrated pest management systems for the control of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia ), six foliar herbicides were aerially trialled in north Queensland to determine their effectiveness in controlling medium density bellyache bush infestations (approximately 45000 plants ha-1)."

(1) Grace, B. (2003) Biological control of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia ). Agnote - Northern Territory of Australia, 2003, No.F93, 2 pp.
(2) Vitelli, J.; Madigan, B. (2001) Is aerial control of bellyache bush effective? Editors: Jacob, H. S.; Dodd, J.; Moore, J. H. 13th Australian Weeds Conference: weeds "threats now and forever?", Sheraton Perth Hotel, Perth, Western Australia, 8-13 September 2002: papers and proceedings, 2002, pp.169-172, 6 ref.

4.01

No thorns.

Southern Trees. CDROM database.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know [probably unpalatable or poisonous to animals based on data from J. curcas but no instances of feeding or animal poisoning coould be found]

4.05

No evidence [see question 4.03]

4.06

Colletotrichum jatrophae was found to be associated with J. integerrima. Did not find any evidence that this is a recognized pest.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

(1)Berries and sap are poisonous.
(2)'The seed capsules which follow hold several smooth speckled, and toxic seeds, a fact which must be considered when placing this plant in the landscape; it should be kept out of reach of children. (3)Toxicity: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested [recognized as high risk for children] (4)WARNING Like many of the euphorbs, Jatropha contains a milky sap that can irritate sensitive skin. (5)it should be kept out of the reach of children.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html (2)http://216.239.57.100/search?q=cache:E5yJDJ8ZjrcC:hort.ifas.ufl.edu
/trees/JATINTA.pdf+Jatropha+integerrima&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/2447/ (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/j/jatr_int.cfm (5)http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/jatinta.pdf

4.08

Probably not - an evergreen shrub with lush foliage

http://216.239.57.100/search?q=cache:E5yJDJ8ZjrcC:hort.ifas.ufl.edu
/trees/JATINTA.pdf+Jatropha+integerrima&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.09

(1)Light: Full sun to partial shade. (2) prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (3)sunny to partially shaded places (4)Sun Exposure: Light shade (5)The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenologic behaviour of J. integerrima grown in plastic pots both in the open air and under plastic greenhouse (with 70% shading). Among the Jatropha species tested in this environment, J. integerrima resulted the most adapted to the experimental conditions. Plants under greenhouse flowered continuously, even though blooming was slightly delayed from January to March. Plants grown outside bloomed only from Spring to late Fall.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm (2)http://www.hortpix.com/pc2341.htm (3)Whistler, W.A . 2000. Tropical Ornamentals, Timber Press, Portland. (4)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html (5)Amico Roxas, U.;Vetrano, F.;Nicosia, M 2002. Manifestazioni fenologiche della Jatropha integerrima Jacq. nelle condizioni climatiche della Conca d'Oro di Palermo [Sicilia].[Scientific meeting of Italian Horticultural Society]. Spoleto, Perugia (Italy). 23-25 Apr 2002.

4.1

(1)Clay, sand, loam. pH acidic and alkaline. (2)Peregrina is tolerant of a wide variety of soils so long as they are well drained.

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm

4.11

Probably not - not a vine.

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

(1)A 10 to 15 feet tall tree. (2)an evergreen shrub or small tree ...gets up to 15' tall with a spread of 10' or so…'

(1)Southern Trees. CDROM database. (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm

5.02

Euporbiaceae

5.03

Euporbiaceae

5.04

No evidence

6.01

No evidence

http://www.comfsm.fm/~dleeling/botany/1999/vhp/eugenered.html

6.02

Germinates successfully.

http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=
http://www.euphorbia.de/kj_integerrima.htm&prev=/
search%3Fq%3DJatropha%2Bintegerrima%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

6.03

No evidence

6.04

The peregrina blooms most of the year, bearing both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers, but usually not at the same time. This adaptation tends to keep the peregrina from self-pollinating. Seeds are seldom produced unless there are several peregrinas in an area.

http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20011008.asp

6.05

(1) 'Honeybees foraging on monoecious Jatropha integerima primarily (90%) sought nectar, but some foraged on pollen. … Bees were not effective pollinators because the stigma lobes were approximately 3 mm above the backs of the foraging bees.' (2)will attract hummingbirds and butterflies. [hummingbird=specialized] (3)This shrub is excellent for attracting butterflies, particularly zebras, monarchs, and swallowtails. [not specialist]

(1) Epila-Otara-James-S. 1993. Foraging behavior of honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Jatropha integerrima (Euphorbiaceae) in Upolu, Western Samoa. Micronesica. 26 (1) 83-94.(2)http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/jatinta.pdf (3)http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20011008.asp

6.06

Propagation: Seeds or cuttings in spring. No evidence of spread by vegetative means in the wild.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html

6.07

Fast-growing [minimum estimate for a fast-growing small tree/shrub]

http://www.monrovia.com/plantinf.nsf/0/43834191442E1D018825684D00719FAE

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that it has propagules with any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes - it has ornamental value.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Euphorbiaceae/Jatropha_integerrima.html

7.03

No evidence

7.04

In the genus Jatropha, fruit is a capsule, sometimes tardily dehiscent, the valves custaceous to woody, the central column persistent, seeds 1 per cell, ellipsoidal with curstaceous seed coat. [This probably suggests that it disperses by gravity. No evidence of winged seeds in this genus. ]

In the genus Jatropha, fruit is a capsule, sometimes tardily dehiscent, the valves custaceous to woody, the central column persistent, seeds 1 per cell, ellipsoidal with curstaceous seed coat. -This probably suggests that it disperses by gravity.

7.05

In the genus Jatropha, fruit is a capsule, sometimes tardily dehiscent, the valves custaceous to woody, the central column persistent, seeds 1 per cell, ellipsoidal with curstaceous seed coat. -This probably suggests that it disperses by gravity. No evidene that the species inhabits riparian or coastal communities.

In the genus Jatropha, fruit is a capsule, sometimes tardily dehiscent, the valves custaceous to woody, the central column persistent, seeds 1 per cell, ellipsoidal with curstaceous seed coat. -This probably suggests that it disperses by gravity.

7.06

does not attract wildlife

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/jatinta.pdf

7.07

No evidence that the genus Jatropha has seeds with any means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence

8.01

p. 287 " Fruit a subglobose capsule 1-1.4 cm long, splitting at maturity into three sections" [relatively large fruit with only several seeds]

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp.

8.02

collect seeds before they are ejected from the capsule and sow immediately [impises no seed bank]

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG108

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

It handles pruning well and can be kept to shrub size, trained to a tree form or used in espalier. [No indication of pruning intensity]

http://www.floridata.com/ref/J/jatr_int.cfm

8.05

Mites and scales can be problems

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP107