Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: High risk, score: 17
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
| Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut, bubble bush, physicnut) Family - Euphorbiaceae | Answer | Score | |
| 1.01 | Is the species highly domesticated? | n | 0 |
| 1.02 | Has the species become naturalized where grown? | y | |
| 1.03 | Does the species have weedy races? | n | |
| 2.01 | Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” | 2 | |
| 2.02 | Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 | 2 | |
| 2.03 | Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) | y | 1 |
| 2.04 | Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates | y | 1 |
| 2.05 | Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 | y | |
| 3.01 | Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 | y | 2 |
| 3.02 | Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 3.03 | Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | n | 0 |
| 3.04 | Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 4 |
| 3.05 | Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) | y | 2 |
| 4.01 | Produces spines, thorns or burrs | n | 0 |
| 4.02 | Allelopathic | n | 0 |
| 4.03 | Parasitic | n | 0 |
| 4.04 | Unpalatable to grazing animals | y | 1 |
| 4.05 | Toxic to animals | y | 1 |
| 4.06 | Host for recognized pests and pathogens | n | 0 |
| 4.07 | Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans | y | 1 |
| 4.08 | Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems | ||
| 4.09 | Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle | n | 0 |
| 4.1 | Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) | y | 1 |
| 4.11 | Climbing or smothering growth habit | n | 0 |
| 4.12 | Forms dense thickets | y | 1 |
| 5.01 | Aquatic | n | 0 |
| 5.02 | Grass | n | 0 |
| 5.03 | Nitrogen fixing woody plant | n | 0 |
| 5.04 | Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) | n | 0 |
| 6.01 | Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat | n | 0 |
| 6.02 | Produces viable seed. | y | 1 |
| 6.03 | Hybridizes naturally | ||
| 6.04 | Self-compatible or apomictic | y | 1 |
| 6.05 | Requires specialist pollinators | n | 0 |
| 6.06 | Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation | ||
| 6.07 | Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 | 1 | 1 |
| 7.01 | Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) | y | 1 |
| 7.02 | Propagules dispersed intentionally by people | y | 1 |
| 7.03 | Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant | n | -1 |
| 7.04 | Propagules adapted to wind dispersal | n | -1 |
| 7.05 | Propagules water dispersed | y | 1 |
| 7.06 | Propagules bird dispersed | n | -1 |
| 7.07 | Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) | n | -1 |
| 7.08 | Propagules survive passage through the gut | n | -1 |
| 8.01 | Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) | n | -1 |
| 8.02 | Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) | ||
| 8.03 | Well controlled by herbicides | y | -1 |
| 8.04 | Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire | y | 1 |
| 8.05 | Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) | ||
| Total score: | 17 |
Supporting data:
| Notes | Reference | |
| 1.01 | No evidence | |
| 1.02 | (1)widely cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in New World & Old World tropics (2)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. (3)Naturalized in Fiji, Tonga and La reunion. (4)Jatropha curcas is native to tropical America and naturalized throughout tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and Africa | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses (3)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm (4)http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=142316 |
| 1.03 | No evidence | |
| 2.01 | Native: NORTHERN AMERICA -Mexico, SOUTHERN AMERICA - Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua, Caribbean: Dominica, Brazil: Brazil, Western South America: Bolivia; Peru, Southern South America: Argentina; Paraguay. | http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 |
| 2.02 | (1)widely cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in New World & Old World tropics (2)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses |
| 2.03 | (1)"Ranging from Tropical Very Dry to Moist through Subtropical Thorn to Wet Forest Life Zones, physic nut is reported to tolerate annual precipitation of 4.8 to 23.8 dm (mean of 60 cases = 14.3) and annual temperature of 18.0 to 28.5°C (mean of 45 cases = 25.2)." (2)"Hardiness: USDA zone 9 - 11" | (1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses (2)http://www.tropilab.com/jatropha-cur.html |
| 2.04 | (1)widely cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in New World & Old World tropics (2)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses |
| 2.05 | (1)widely cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in New World & Old World tropics (2)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. (3)Native of the Caribbean region, has been introduced as a hedge and ornamental plant to many countries including Europe, Africa, India, Indonesia, Philippines and some Pacific Islands and Australia | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses (3)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm |
| 3.01 | (1)widely cultivated & naturalized elsewhere in New World & Old World tropics (2)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. (3)Naturalized in Fiji, Tonga and La reunion. (4)Jatropha curcas is native to tropical America and naturalized throughout tropical and subtropical parts of Asia and Africa | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses (3)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm (4)http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=142316 |
| 3.02 | (1)Though native to America, the species is almost pantropical now, widely planted as a medicinal plant which soon tends to establish itself. It is listed, e.g., as a weed in Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. (2)Jatropha has the potential to be weedy because of its toxic seeds that can spread rather easily and create dense stands on uncultivated lands. It is reported as a weed in many places including Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. [Disturbance weed]. | (1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses (2)http://www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=178&Itemid=68 |
| 3.03 | No evidence | |
| 3.04 | Declared noxious species in Western Australia. (3)Listed as a P1 category weed (P1= The movement of plants or their seeds is prohibited within the State.) in Western Australia. | http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm AND http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/dps/version02/01_plantview.asp?page=7&contentID=50&#control |
| 3.05 | (1)J. gowypifolia and J. eureaus are listed as common weeds in Inida and Puerto Rico respectively. (2) Jatropha gossypifolia in northern Australia - "Forms dense thickets crowding out other species. Probably introduced as an ornamental in the late 1800s. Consumption of plants, especially during droughts, causes death of stock. Seeds are highly toxic." | (1)Holm et al. An electronic atlas of worls weeds. CD-ROM database. Vesion 1997. (2)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=&card=S15 |
| 4.01 | No evidence of such structures. | http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses |
| 4.02 | No evidence | |
| 4.03 | No evidence | |
| 4.04 | (1)"Jatropha is not browsed by animals. " (2)Not browsed by cattle. | (1)http://www.svlele.com/jatropha_plant.htm (2)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 4.05 | (1)"There may seem to be a great amount of marginal land in developing countries that is not being used and where Jatropha could be grown; however, most often these lands are for communal use to graze/browse livestock. Jatropha is toxic to livestock, weedy, and not a good species to use in agroforestry systems except as living fences to protect food crops from livestock;..." (2)"Adam (1979a) fed Jatropha curcas to six calves by at doses of 2.5, 1 and 0.25 g/kg once, and to two other calves at 0.025 g/kg up to 14 days. The onset and manifestations of toxicity in the six calves was rapid and death occurred within 19 hours of administration. The two calves that received daily the lowest dose of Jatropha curcas showed signs of poisoning and died within 10-14 days. The clinical signs of diarrhoea, dyspnoea, dehydration and loss ofcondition were well correlated with the pathologicalfindings. There was an increase in aspartateaminotransferase, ammonia and potassium, and decrease in total protein and serum of Jatropha poisoned calves." |
(1)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:spe3sDr5cqIJ: www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3 Ddoc_view%26gid%3D178%26Itemid%3D68+%22Jatropha+curcas %22+toxic+livestock&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1 (2)http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:lRvK_PAV9lQJ: www.usp.ac.fj/spjns/volume21/Aregheore.pdf+%22Jatropha+curcas %22+toxic+livestock&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4 |
| 4.06 | (1)Agriculture Handbook No. 165 lists the following as affecting Jatropha curcas: Clitocybe tabescens (root rot), Clitocybe tabescens (leaf spot), and Phakopsora jatrophicola (rust). - [No evidence that the above are economic pests]. (2)This IPGRI document lists several pests of J. curcas. NO evidence that these are economic pests except for the green stink bug Nezera viridula which is listed by USDA APHIS as a pest that attacks miscellenous crops. [Answered no due to lack of specificity of the green stink bug listed as a pest by UDSA APHIS]. | (1)http://www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=178&Itemid=68 (2)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 and http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/emerging_pests/cushman/pests.html |
| 4.07 | (1)"The poisoning is irritant, with acute abdominal pain and nausea about 1/2 hour following ingestion. Diarrhea and nausea continue but are not usually serious. Depression and collapse may occur, especially in children. Two seeds are strong purgative. Four to five seed are said to have caused death, but the roasted seed is said to be nearly innocuous. Bark, fruit, leaf, root, and wood are all reported to contain HCN (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Seeds contain the dangerous toxalbumin curcin, rendering them potentially fatally toxic." (2)Jatropha curcas is common plant found all over India more commonly in the southern parts. Though it is a common cause of accidental poisoning among children in these parts, standard texts rarely cover it. Gastrointestinal manifestations are predominant feature of poisoning with the seeds of Jatropha curcas. Mortality is rare. [Abstract]. (3)Many cases of poisoning with physic nut are reported in the literature. | (1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20692 (2)Jatropha curcas - poisoning. Kulkarni ML; Sreekar H; Keshavamurthy KS; Shenoy N Indian J Pediatr. 2005, Jan; 72(1):75-6. [Indian journal of pediatrics.] [PubMed] (3)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 4.08 | (1)It is well adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions. Most Jatropha species occur in the following seasonally dry areas: grassland-savannah (cerrado), thorn forest scrub and caatingas, but are completely lacking from moist Amazonia. (2)In the rural Philippines the dried seeds are burned as candles much as the early Hawaiians used kukui nuts for illumination ..." | (1)Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Page 623 (2)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 289 |
| 4.09 | (1)Culture- full sun. (2)A sunny location on good garden soil. | (1)http://www.tropilab.com/jatropha-cur.html (2)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 289 |
| 4.1 |
(1)Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow
in saline conditions (2)"Jatropha curcas grows almost anywhere , even on
gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil.
It can grow even in the crevices of rocks." (3)well drained soils but grows
on almost any soil, such as sandy - saline. |
(1)http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/jatrophaPlantation.php?_divid=menu2 (2)http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/aboutJatrophaPlant.php?_divid=menu1 (3)http://www.tropilab.com/jatropha-cur.html |
| 4.11 | No evidence | |
| 4.12 | Jatropha has the potential to be weedy because of its toxic seeds that can spread rather easily and create dense stands on uncultivated lands. It is reported as a weed in many places including Australia, Brazil, Fiji, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Salvador. |
(1)http://www.echotech.org/mambo/index.php?option= com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=178&Itemid=68 |
| 5.01 | Shrubs or small tress 2 to 5 m tall. Page 623. | Wagner, W. L. Herbst, D. L. and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Page 623 |
| 5.02 | ||
| 5.03 | ||
| 5.04 | ||
| 6.01 | Flowers and fruits in the native range. | Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 6.02 | "With good moisture conditions germination needs 10 days." | Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 6.03 | "All F1 hybrids except J. curcas X multifida, were more vigorous than the parental species. In most of the successful crossings, the physic nut was involved as the materal parent and barriers to interspecific compatability with other Jatropha sections are demonstrated." [No evidence of natural hybrids]. | Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 AND Phylogenetic Significance of Interspecific Hybridization in Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) Bijan Dehgan Systematic Botany, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1984), pp. 467-478 from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-6445(198410%2F12)9%3A4%3C467%3APSOIHI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M |
| 6.04 | (1)"The rare hermaphrodite flowers can be self pollinating." "Howerver to avoid self-pollination in staminate and postillate flowers were to open simultaneously- physic nut is self-compatible - emasculation could be required." (2)Abstract: Jatropha curcas is a pantropical shrub. It is monoecious and protandrous. The ratio of male to female flowers is 29 : 1. Both flower sexes open synchronously. The sexual system facilitates geitonogamy and xenogamy. The flower visitors include bees, ants, thrips and flies; bees and flies effect geitonogamy and xenogamy, while ants and thrips effect only geitonogamy. The fruiting behaviour indicates that the plant might selectively eliminate the growing offspring, especially geitonogamous fruit to allocate the resources available to the plant, mostly for xenogamous fruit. The ability to self-pollinate through geitonogamy is considered to be adaptive for J. curcas for colonization. | (1)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 (2)Raju, A. J. Solomon; Ezradanam, V. Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in a monoecious species, Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). Current Science (Bangalore) 83 (11) : 1395-1398 10 December, 2002 |
| 6.05 | "Pollination of Physic nuts is by insects.Deghan and Webster believe that it is pollinated by moths because of "its sweet, heavy perfume at night, greenish white flowers, versatile anthers and protruding sexual organs, copious nectar, and absence of visible nectar guides." | Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 6.06 | Some spread occurs from the tuberous roots which sucker.[Although did not find any evidence of spread by vegetative means]. | http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm |
| 6.07 | (1)"Within 2 years of plantation, it starts to produce seeds and keeps on producing until the age of 50 years." (2)"With seeding in the month of May, a stem length of 1 m was reached in Thailand after 5 months of growth. A terminal flower was formed. The authers observed two flowering peaks, one in November and the other in May." | (1)http://www.jatrophacurcas.net/jatropha.htm (2)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 7.01 | "The capsules split open when ripe to expel seeds away from the parent plant. Seeds are also dispersed by water and in mud on vehicles and machinery or animals." [Even though Jatropha curcas seeds are relatively large, it is a widely cultivated species and hence seemd likely to be spread via mud on vehicles operating in cultivated lands such as tractors and dump trucks]. | http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm |
| 7.02 | (1)"The clear oil expressed from the seed has been used for illumination and lubricating, and more recently has been suggested for energetic purposes, one ton of nuts yielding 70 kg refined petroleum, 40 kg "gasoil leger" (light fuel oil), 40 kg regular fuel oil, 34 kg dry tar/pitch/rosin, 270 kg coke-like char, and 200 kg ammoniacal water, natural gas, creosote, etc. In a startling study, Gaydou et al. (1982) compare several possible energy species with potential to grow in Malagasy. Oil palm was considered energetically most promising." (2)The plant has several economic uses inlcuding manufacturing soaps, biodiesel and medicines from its seed oil. | (1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Biotic%20Factors (2)Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 7.03 | It is planted as a hedge plant in crop fields - in Millet fields in Mali - but Millet is harvested in October and J. curcas in August - September. It is also used to support vanilla vines in Madagascar. [Probably not - relatively large seeds]. | |
| 7.04 | Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have adaptation for wind dispersal. |
Diagram from - Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L.
Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1.
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at -
http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 and
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://homepage.virgin.net/himal.proj/graphics/ Cnv00004.jpg&imgrefurl=http://homepage.virgin.net/himal.proj/backhimal.htm&h =145&w=200&sz=8&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=_iGVi1t-l66keM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Jatropha%2Bcurcas %2522%2Bseed%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG |
| 7.05 | Seeds are also dispersed by water and in mud on vehicles and machinery or animals." | http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/jatropha_curcas.htm |
| 7.06 | Capsules, 2.5–4 cm long, finally drying and splitting into 3 valves, all or two of which commonly have an oblong black seed, these ca 2 x 1 cm [Probably dispersed by gravity -Also, fruits is capsule, only somewhat fleshy - no evidence of ingestion by birds. | (1)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses |
| 7.07 | No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. | Heller, Joachim. 1996. Physic nut. Jatropha curcas. L. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 1. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Available at - http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=161 |
| 7.08 | Seeds are toxic to cattle. [Fruit is somewhat fleshy - no evidence of ingestion by birds - so probably not]. |
http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:lRvK_PAV9lQJ:www.usp.ac.fj/ spjns/volume21/Aregheore.pdf+%22Jatropha+curcas %22+toxic+livestock&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4 |
| 8.01 | "Capsules, 2.5–4 cm long, finally drying and splitting into 3 valves, all or two of which commonly have an oblong black seed, these ca 2 x 1 cm …" [Probably not relatively large seeds]. | http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Jatropha_curcas.html#Uses |
| 8.02 | "Seeds are oily and do not store for long. Seeds older than 15 months show viability below 50%. High levels of viability and low levels of germination shortly after harvest indicate innate (primary) dormancy. … The seeds are orthodox and should be dried to low moisture content (5-7%) and stored in air-tight con-tainers. At room temperature the seeds can retain high viability for at least one year. However, because of the high oil content the seeds cannot be expected to store for as long as most orthodox species." [No evidence regarding viability under field conditions]. | http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/jatrophaPlantation.php?_divid=menu2 |
| 8.03 | Metsulfuron, Fluroxypyr, Picloram/triclopyr are recommeded herbicides listed for control of J. curcas in Western Australia. |
http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/dps/version02/01_ plantview.asp?page=7&contentID=50&#control |
| 8.04 |
(1)Pruning. Pruning – 1st prune. The plants need to produce side shoots for
maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top
of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 –
12 side branches. It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the
harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters.
(2)Treatments like metsulfuron will leave the grasses which will help
compete with germinating seedlings and also allow fuel to carry a fire which
also kills seedlings and adult plants.[cannot withstand fire] [It seems to withstand pruning but not fire - answered yes as it can withstand physical mutilation or pruning.] |
(1)http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/jatrophaPlantation.php?_divid=menu2
(2)http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/dps/version02/01_ plantview.asp?page=7&contentID=50&#control |
| 8.05 | Don’t know. |
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This page created 26 December 2006