Ipomoea quamoclit L. Family - Convolvulaceae. Common Names(s) - Cypress vine, India-pink. Synonym(s) - Quamoclit pennata (Desrousseaux) Bojer.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

1

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

14

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)A Mexican species that has been carried throughout the tropics as a cultivated ornamental [no evidence of cultivation reducing competitive ability]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)A Mexican species that has been carried throughout the tropics as a cultivated ornamental.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zones 6 - 11. Plant this annual vine in spring. Cypress-vine is naturalized as far north as USDA Zone 6 (5?). (2)In many areas of the U. S. (particularly in USDA Zones 6-10), it will remain in the garden, spread to other areas and naturalize from year to year by self-seeding.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/Plant.asp?code=B912 [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

2.04

(1)A Mexican species that has been carried throughout the tropics as a cultivated ornamental [no evidence of cultivation reducing competitive ability]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

2.05

(1)A Mexican species that has been carried throughout the tropics as a cultivated ornamental. (2)An annual with deeply pinnatisect leaves, this species often appears in gardens. It is probably originally from hlexico, but was distributed to the Old World in early post-Colombian time.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. (2)Woodson, Jr., R.E., R. W. Schery and D. F. Austin. 1975. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 164. Convolvulaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62(1): 157-224.

3.01

(1)Cypress vine has naturalized in many areas of the U. S., particularly in the deep South, ranging from Florida to Texas north to Kansas, Missouri, Illinois and New York. It is not considered invasive, however, and does not seem to crowd out native plants. (2)Native to Mexico, cypress vine escaped cultivation and is now occasionally found in disturbed sites throughout Florida (Wunderlin, 1998). (3)widely spread from Sudan Republic to West Africa and South and South West Africa (4)Status: Exotic, cultivated and naturalized (5)Included in list of invasive plants of India

(1)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/Plant.asp?code=B912 [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/ipoqua.html [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (3)http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.IPOMOEA.QUAMOCLIT [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (4)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483. (5)Reddy, C.S. 2008. Catalogue of invasive alien flora of India. Life Science Journal 5(2): 84 – 89.

3.02

(1)Location: Cypress-vine is native to Mexico and tropical America but has escaped cultivation and is now established throughout much of the eastern United States from Florida and Texas north to at least Kansas and Ohio. It seems still to be expanding its range. Cypress-vine normally occurs in cultivated fields, roadsides and disturbed areas. (2)May be a noxious weed or invasive...Most invasive plant on the planet here--worst thing in the world to eradicate--and that's saying a lot when you also contend with nutgrass and bermuda grass. It should be added to the US invasive plants list--horrible stuff! [comment from grower in Texas] I never planted this vine, and for several years I kept seeing it pop up all over the place; in fields, along roadsides, in masses along with native grape vines, and winding up into plants that I planted in my yard. I've spent hours pulling this weed from my yard. Sure humming birds love it, and after it is pollinated, the plant looks like a beautiful green fernish vine with whispy white raindrop tips. However, it reseeds horribly and we have them everywhere all over and I am forever pulling them up yet again before they strangle my flowerbed. Agghhh! Who started this nightmare? [comment from grower in Alabama]...Way too invasive for me, it wraps and chokes and meanders it's way all through a garden bed, making it a nightmare to catch when weeding.......never, never, never let it go to seed in your garden; or this demon will haunt you forever!! [comment from Texas]...While the flowers are pretty, here in central Florida the vine is too invasive and fast growing to keep in the garden. It tends to cover and choke out all the plants near it. The vine showed up as a volunteer in my garden several years ago and I have not been able get rid of it since. [comment from Florida] (3)Communities: weed, species characteristic of disturbed places...Ipomoea quamoclit, a dicot, is an annual herb or vine that is not native to California. (4)Invasive exotic pest plant: Cypressvine (Ipomoea quamoclit). This vine is native to Mexico but invades disturbed sites all over the southern United States and throughout the tropics. (5)frequently abundant as a weed in cultivated areas and along streets from near sea level to about 200 m.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/ [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (3)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8529 [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (4)Eleanor Noss Whitney, Ellie Whitney, D. Bruce Means and Anne Rudloe. 2004. Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species. Pineapple Press Inc. Sarasota, FL. (5)Smith, A. C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only): Volume 5. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Lauai, HI.

3.03

Controlled with herbicide in agricultural crops (1)Morningglory species were the third most trouble- some weeds in Georgia corn (Table 2). Respondents in the current survey did not consistently separate the morningglory species; therefore, this conglomerate class was created. The morningglory complex included Ipomoea species {pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.), en- tireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integrius- cula Gray), tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.], and cypressvine morningglory (Ipomoea quamoclit L.) } and smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.]. [a weed of corn crops] (2)ABSTRACT: A field trial was conducted to evaluate the chemical control of Convolvulaceae weeds in soybean fields under sugar-cane rotation. The sugar-cane was harvested without burning with a layer of straw on the soil surface. The herbicides evaluated were: diclosulam plus glyphosate (0.035 + 1.440 kg ha-1, tank mix) during pre-crop and weed dissection, diclosulam alone (0.035 kg ha-1) on soybean preemergence and fomesafen (0.250 kg ha-1) on soybean postemergence. In the field the plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design, and the treatments in a 2x5 factorial design, the factors consisting of two soybean cultivars (Coodetec 206 and Monsoy 6101) and five weed management measures (weedy, weed free, diclosulam, fomesafen and diclosulam + glyphosate). The results showed that the weed densities were not sufficient to reduce soybean productivity. Diclosulam and its mixture with glyphosate provided good control of the convolvulaceae species: Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit and Merremia cissoides. The cultivar Monsoy 6101 was considered the most suitable for sugarcane rotation due to its shorter cycle. [a weed controlled in soybean crops]

(1)Webster, T.M. and G. E. MacDonald. 2001. A Survey of Weeds in Various Crops in Georgia. Weed Technology 15(4): 771-790. (2)Timossi, P.C. and J.C. Durigan. 2006. Convolvulaceae management in soybean sown directly under sugar-cane straw. Planta daninha 24(1): 91-98.

3.04

Mostly a weed of disturbed sites or crops [see 3.02 and 3.03]

3.05

(1)Abstract: During May to July, 2006 and April to May, 2007, we studied pollination biology in Ipomoea cairica, an invasive weed in Guangdong Province, China. Ipomoea cairica is a perennial creeping or climbing herbaceous vine, blooming all year round in Guangdong. The flowers gathered in cymes, with a purple or bluish purple bell-formed corolla. The petals unfolded at about 4:30-5:20 and closed at 17:40, lasting for about 12 hours. The proximity of the stigma and anthers during flowering period facilitated the transfer of self-pollen. The mean volume of nectar per flower was 5.82 +/- 2.47 mu L (n = 10), with a sugar concentration of 41.03 +/- 6.52% and an amino acid concentration of ca. 0.042 mg/mL. During anthesis, both pollen viability and stigma receptivity remained at a high level (>90%). The mean P/O ratio was 4,778.18 +/- 264.5 8 (n = 10). Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa sp.) were considered as effective pollinators, while flies and butterflies were occasional visitors. Ipomoea cairica is self-incompatible as determined by an absence of fruit set in the flowers following controlled hand self-pollination, producing fruits and viable seeds only after cross-pollination. (2)Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Federal Noxious Weed

(1)Jia, Xiaocheng; Li, Xinliang; Dan, Yang; Lu, Guohui; Wang, Yingqiang. 2007. Pollination biology of an invasive weed Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae) in Guangdong Province, China. Shengwu Duoyangxing 15(6): 592-598. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy in this weed despite being controlled in crop settings.

4.03

4.04

(1)The morning-glories are little used by White-tailed deer. The large seeds are taken infrequently by Northern Bobwhite and seed-eating songbirds. (2)Many herbivores avoid morning glories like Ipomoea, as the high alkaloid content makes these plants unpalatable, if not toxic. [genus description] (3)Family Characterization: Various alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides present.

(1) Miller, J.H. and K. V. Miller. 2005. Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses. University of Georgia Press. Athens, GA. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea [Accessed 07 Aug 2008] (3)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

4.05

(1)Danger: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested (2)Noteworthy characteristics: Seeds are highly toxic if ingested.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/ [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)http://www.taunton.com/finegardening/plantguide/ipomoea-quamoclit-cypress-vine.aspx [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.06

(1)No serious insect or disease problems.

(1)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/Plant.asp?code=B912 [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.07

(1)Danger: All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested [apparently not poisonous from contact, and poisoning would only occur if accidentally ingested]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/ [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.08

(1)Wet to seasonally dry regions in weedy open areas, roadsides [moist habitats and annual growth habit make risk of fire unlikely]

(1)Gargiullo, M.B., B. Magnuson and L. Kimball. 2008. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press US.

4.09

(1)Light: Full sun to partial shade. (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun Sun to Partial Shade (3)Sun: Full sun

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/ [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (3)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/Plant.asp?code=B912 [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

4.10

(1)Soil pH requirements:6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) (2)This plant will grow in moist soil. Suitable soil is well-drained/loamy. The pH preference is a neutral soil.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/93/ [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)Horticopia Professional.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-05-0.

4.11

(1)Vine

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

4.12

(1)Vine [answer "Yes" to 4.11]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Convolvulaceae

5.03

Convolvulaceae

5.04

(1)A lovely and lacy harmless weed with tuberous roots. Self-seeding. Tubers must be removed to control.

(1)Llamas, K.A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide to Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

6.01

6.02

(1)The species is easily grown from seed

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

6.03

Unknown if natural hybridization can occur (1)Ipomoea X multifida is a hybrid of garden origin between cypress-vine and the related scarlet morning-glory (Ipomoea coccinea). (2)Abstract: Diploid artificial hybrids between Ipomoea coccinea L. and I. quamoclit L. produced eight seeds in a sample of 280,000 ovules. The resulting F2 plants were tetraploid and fertile. Polyploidy probably occurred through the union of two unreduced gametes. The F2 plants appear reproductively isolated from their F1 parents and from the progenitor species. This cross recreates the cardinal climber, I. sloteri (House) van Ooststr., a cultivated species thought to have arisen originally from a single seed.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008] (2)Eckenwalder, J.E. and B.P. Brown. 1986. POLYPLOID SPECIATION IN HYBRID MORNING-GLORIES OF IPOMOEA SECTION QUAMOCLIT. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28(1): 17-20.

6.04

(1)Cypress vine is highly self-compatible and produces abundant seed even without cross-pollination.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

6.05

(1)In Mexico the flowers are visited by hummingbirds; in other areas a variety of nectar-feeding birds try to obtain nectar, but since there is no landing platform they are rarely successful in carrying out pollination. This is no impediment to fruit set, however, since cypress vine is highly self-compatible and produces abundant seed even without cross-pollination. [although adapted to specialist pollinators, they are not REQUIRED for seed set] (2)Abstract: The flora biology of the weeds Ipomoea hederifolia and I. quamoclit was compared at the Fazenda Santa Elisa and the Fazenda Santa Genebra, in the region of Campinas, Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Both species present odourless, tubular flowers, exposed outside of the foliage, whose sexual elements are placed relatively far from the nectar source. I hederifolia is predominantly ornithophilous, being visited and pollinated by six species of hummingbirds: Amazilia lactea, A. versicolor, Calliphlox amethystina, Chlorostilbon aureoventris, Eupetomena, macroura and Phaethornis pretrei. All these birds showed similar visiting behavior. A. lactea was responsible for about 70% of the visits, thus being the most important pollinator. Some butterfly species, although also observed visiting the flowers, were considered occasional pollinators. Bumblebees (Xylocopa sp.) robbed the nectar, I. quamoclit, in spite of showing flora characteristics similar to the preceeding species, is mainly psicophilous, being visited by several butterfly species. Among these, Phoebis sennae, P. philea and P. argante were found to be the most frequent, being responsible for 80% of the visits. These species, according to their visiting behavior, were considered facultative mutualists, sometimes pollinating this Ipomoea. The butterflies Celaenorrhinus similis and Parides agavus were occasional pollinators of I. quamoclit. Additional butterfly species showed nectar robbing behavior. The hummingbirds, Chlorstilbon aureoventris and Amazilia versicolor, were also observed visiting and pollinating the flowers of I. quamoclit. A few bee species, mostly nectar and pollen robbers, were also seen on the flowers. The breeding system of both Ipomoea species is similar, presenting a high degree of self-compatibility. No apomixis was found. Based on the flora biology characteristics, it is suggested that I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit are examples of more developed stages than the bee-pollinated species of Ipomoea and, possibly, both species might have evolved from mellitophilous ancestors.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. (2)Machado, I.C.S. and M. Sazima. 1987. A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN FLORAL BIOLOGY OF TWO WEED SPECIES IPOMOEA-HEDERIFOLIA AND IPOMOEA-QUAMOCLIT CONVOLVULACEAE. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 47(3): 425-436.

6.06

Unknown (no information on vegetative spread]

6.07

(1)Cypress-vine is the perfect plant for the just-germinating gardener. The seeds are relatively large, easy to handle and take only 4 days to sprout; the cotyledons (seed leaves) are large and distinctive, looking like swept-back airplane wings; the next leaves to appear are the handsome feathery leaves that distinguish the plant; the vine grows quickly, producing beautiful scarlet flowers in less than 30 days.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

7.01

(1)The seeds are relatively large [unlikely, given large seeds & no means of external attachment]

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/I/ipom_qua.cfm [Accessed 06 Aug 2008]

7.02

(1)A Mexican species that has been carried throughout the tropics as a cultivated ornamental.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii.

7.03

Despite documentation as an agricultural weed (see 3.030), no information was found documenting this species as a produce contaminant, and relatively large seeds make accidental dispersal unlikely.

7.04

(1)Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [seeds relatively large and without adaptations for wind dispersal]

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

7.05

(1)A garden escape found along creeklines throughout the Kimberley and near Onslow. [distribution along creeks and ability of other Ipomoea spp. To be water dispersed suggests seeds are likely dispersed by water]

(1)Hussey, B.M.J., G.J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S.G. Lloyd and R.D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weed. Second Edition. A guide to the weeds of Western Australia. The Weeds Society of Western Australia. Vicoria Park, Western Australia.

7.06

No evidence of and no adaptations for bird dispersal [i.e. not fleshy fruited] (1)The morning-glories are little used by White-tailed deer. The large seeds are taken infrequently by Northern Bobwhite and seed-eating songbirds.

(1)Miller, J.H. and K. V. Miller. 2005. Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses. University of Georgia Press. Athens, GA.

7.07

(1)Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

7.08

No information on gut passage found.

8.01

(1)Capsule ovoid to conical, with a thin pericarp, lepidote outside, 8-10 mm long; seeds 4 per fruit, cuneiform, 7-8 mm long, dark brown to black, with tufts of irregularly scattered hairs. [relatively large seeds and few per fruit]

(1)Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. 2005. Vines and Climbing Plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Volume 51: 1-483.

8.02

(1)Data available on seed weight but no information on seed banks or seed longevity

(1)http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?ID=12773&Num=bQr [Accessed 07 Aug 2008]

8.03

(1)Abstract: Oryzalin and pronamide provided excellent control of cypressvine morning-glory when applied 2 or more times at rates of 2.24 kg a.i.[active ingredient]/ha. When only 1 application was made, pronamide was superior to oryzalin for morning-glory control. Gladiolus flower spike number, length, number of florets per spike, and number of corms were not affected by either herbicide; however, spike fresh weight and weights of corms and cormels were reduced in plots treated with pronamide (2)Abstract: Responses of 6 morningglories (Ipomoea spp.) and 2 Cassia spp. to 13 preemergence applied herbicides were determined at 2 locations in souther Alabama [USA]. Pitted (I. lacunosa L.), cypressvine (I. quamoclit L.), and willowleaf morningglories (I. wrightii Gray) were readily controlled with metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one]; entireleaf [i. hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. integriuscula Gray], tall [I. purpurea (L.) Roth.] and ivyleaf morningglories [I. hederacea (L.) Jacq.] were not controlled. Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(.alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinine] controlled cypressvine morningglory, but did not adequately control the other morningglory species. Perfluidone [1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide] gave acceptable control of cypressvine and willowleaf morningglories, but gave poor control of other morningglory species. Sicklepod (C. obtusifolia L.) was controlled better than coffee senna (C. occidentalis L.) with 2.2 kg/ha diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and 2.2 kg/ha cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile] controlled sicklepod better than coffee senna at 1 location each. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl).DELTA.2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] was more effective in controlling coffee senna than sicklepod. Induction of population shifts toward incidental species of these genera seems unlikely based on the herbicides included in these experiments. In most cases the incidental species were more readily controlled than the prominent weed species.

(1)Gilreath, J.P. 1985. CYPRESSVINE MORNING-GLORY IPOMOEA-QUAMOCLIT CONTROL IN GLADIOLUS GLADIOLUS-HORTULANUS. Hortscience 20(4): 701-703. (2)Crowley, R.H., D. H. Teem, G. A. Buchanan, and C. S. Hoveland. 1979. Responses of Ipomoea spp. and Cassia spp. to Preemergence Applied Herbicides. Weed Science 27(5): 531-535.

8.04

8.05

Unknown