Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Family - Convolvulaceae Common Names(s) - obscure morning glory. Synonym(s) - Convolvulus obscurus L. (basionym), Ipomoea fragilis Choisy Ipomoea acanthocarpa (Choisy) Asch. & Schweinf., Ipomoea inconspicua Bak.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

13

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of being highly domesticated. (1) "Ipomoea aquatica has been used as a medicinal vegetable in southern Asia since at least A.D. 300, and perhaps since 200 B.C. With European arrival in these regions in the lated 1400s, they became aware of this medicinal food and began carrying water spinach around the world."

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Ethiopia; Sudan; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda; Burundi; Zaire; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo; Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana; South Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Seychelles; China; Taiwan; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; French Polynesia; Fiji

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?311623 [Cited 2009 November 16].

2.02

(1) Native to: Ethiopia; Sudan; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda; Burundi; Zaire; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo; Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana; South Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Seychelles; China; Taiwan; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; French Polynesia; Fiji

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?311623 [Cited 2009 November 16].

2.03

(1) "Ipomoea obscura grows in pasture, forest, on roadsides and abandoned lands and in sandy soil near the seashore, and from sea level to 1300 m." (2) Ipomoea obscura occurs from sea-level to 1800 m.

(1) Suwanketnikom, R., Julakasewee, A. 2004. Hard seededness and germination of small white flower morning glory. Kasetsart J. 38:425-433. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PT336&lpg=PT336&dq=ipomoea+obscura
+%2B+%22soil%22&source=bl&ots=DoBlqJSs2W&sig=HNQ3ENMr_sAGOPTEvqAL578yl5o&hl=en&ei=zVADS42lAoa0swPwk-G4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ipomoea%20obscura%20%2B%20%22soil%22&f=false [Cited 2009 November 17].

2.04

(1) Native to: Ethiopia; Sudan; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda; Burundi; Zaire; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo; Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe; Botswana; South Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Seychelles; China; Taiwan; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; French Polynesia; Fiji (2) Naturalized in Hawaii in dry, disturbed areas, 3-250 m, on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?311623 [Cited 2009 November 16]. (2) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

[no evidence of repeated introductions] (1) "very pretty pale yellow blossoms - somewhat hard to come by and very easy to grow by seed." 15 seeds for $2.50. (2) Onalees seeds has seed available.

(1) http://www.mountainmeadowseeds.com/Flowering-Vines.html [Cited 2009 November 17]. (2) http://www.onaleeseeds.bizhosting.com/morning_glory_and__moonvine_seeds.html [Cited 2009 November 17].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii in dry, disturbed areas, 3-250 m, on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1) Ipomoea obscura invests pineapple fields in Rayong Province, eastern Thailand. This is a major pineapple producing regions. Ipomoea is controlled with herbicides.(2) Naturalized in Hawaii in dry, disturbed areas, 3-250 m, on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

(1) Suwanketnikom, R., Julakasewee, A. 2004. Hard seededness and germination of small white flower morningglory. Kasetsart J. 38:425-433. (2) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.03

(1) Ipomoea obscura invests pineapple fields in Rayong Province, eastern Thailand. This is a major pineapple producing regions. Ipomoea is controlled with herbicides.

(1) Suwanketnikom, R., Julakasewee, A. 2004. Hard seededness and germination of small white flower morningglory. Kasetsart J. 38:425-433.

3.04

No evidence.

3.05

(1) Ipomoea aquatica is an invasive species whose quick growth can infest expanses of water. It is considered to be one of the 100 of the world's worst invasive species.

(1) http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/226/6/I1547-3465-05-123.pdf [Cited 2009 November 16].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) The plant is used as fodder for all livestock in Kenya.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PT336&lpg=PT336&dq=ipomoea+obscura
+%2B+%22soil%22&source=bl&ots=DoBlqJSs2W&sig=HNQ3ENMr_sAGOPTEvqAL578yl5o&hl=en&ei=zVADS42lAoa0swPwk-G4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ipomoea%20obscura%20%2B%20%22soil%22&f=false [Cited 2009 November 17].

4.05

(1) The plant is used as fodder for all livestock in Kenya.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PT336&lpg=PT336&dq=ipomoea+obscura
+%2B+%22soil%22&source=bl&ots=DoBlqJSs2W&sig=HNQ3ENMr_sAGOPTEvqAL578yl5o&hl=en&ei=zVADS42lAoa0swPwk-G4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ipomoea%20obscura%20%2B%20%22soil%22&f=false [Cited 2009 November 17].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) The seed and parts of the plants are poisonous if ingested. (2) "The leaves of Ipomoea obscura are collected from the wild and eaten as cooked vegetables in Kenya and added to soup in Nigeria. In DR Congo leaf sap is used to treat fits of insanity and in eastern Africa a root decoction is drunk against dysentery. In Indonesia a past of the leaves, mixed with Argyreia mollis leaves and alcohol is applied to open sores and pustules. Dried and powdered leaves are used to treat aphthae."

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PT336&lpg=PT336&dq=ipomoea+obscura
+%2B+%22soil%22&source=bl&ots=DoBlqJSs2W&sig=HNQ3ENMr_sAGOPTEvqAL578yl5o&hl=en&ei=zVADS42lAoa0swPwk-G4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ipomoea%20obscura%20%2B%20%22soil%22&f=false [Cited 2009 November 17].

4.08

(1) Vines, herbaceous.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.09

(1) Sun to partial shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17].

4.10

(1) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17].

4.11

(1) Vines.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1) Vines.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Convolvulaceae

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Herbaceous vine.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) No underground storage organs.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S.H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Germination of seed of Ipomoea obscura was enhanced when the seedcoats were pricked with a needle or scarified by cone H2SO4. (2) Propagated by seed.

(1) ttp://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119616430/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 [Cited 2009 November 17]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17].

6.03

Unknown (1) Ipomoea x leucantha is a natural hybrid cross.

(1) http://afrsweb.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/64022000/Publications/Reddy/Brysonetal08WS56-692-298.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17].

6.04

Unknown (1) This study examined the crossability within Ipomoea section Batatas. Self-compatibility was found in 9 species and self-incompatibility was found I 4 species. (2) Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula is self-compatible.

6.05

(1) Ipomoea purpurea is insect pollinated. [species in this genus are insect pollinated]

(1) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/IpompurpCONVFINAL.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17].

6.06

(1) Propagated by seed.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17].

6.07

(1) Annual

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/2635/ [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.01

(1) In Cambodia, Ipomoea obscura is found in upland cultivated crops, grasslands, roadsides and waste places.

(1) http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:McGrcmvl4i8J:scholar.google.com/+ipomoea+obscura+%2B+%22dispersal%22&hl=en&as_sdt=2000 [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.02

(1) "Ipomoea obscura has ornamental value as a climber with attractive flowers."

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PT336&lpg=PT336&dq=ipomoea+obscura
+%2B+%22soil%22&source=bl&ots=DoBlqJSs2W&sig=HNQ3ENMr_sAGOPTEvqAL578yl5o&hl=en&ei=zVADS42lAoa0swPwk-G4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ipomoea%20obscura%20%2B%20%22soil%22&f=false [2009 November 17].

7.03

(1) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous (2) Ipomoea obscura invests pineapple fields in Rayong Province, eastern Thailand. This is a major pineapple producing regions. Ipomoea is controlled with herbicides.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17]. (2) Suwanketnikom, R., Julakasewee, A. 2004. Hard seededness and germination of small white flower morningglory. Kasetsart J. 38:425-433.

7.04

Unknown (1) Ipomoea purpurea seed dispersal is by wind, rain, and gravity. (2) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous

(1) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/IpompurpCONVFINAL.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17]. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.05

Unknown (1) Ipomoea purpurea seed dispersal is by wind, rain, and gravity. (2) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous

(1) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/IpompurpCONVFINAL.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.06

(1) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous [no adaptation for bird dispersal - fleshy fruit

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.07

(1) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous [no external means of attachment].

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

7.08

Unknown [no information on passage through the gut.] (1) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

8.01

(1) Capsule conical-ovoid or ± globose, 6-8 mm in diam., apiculate. Seeds black-brown, 4-5 mm, densely gray-brown tomentellous

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200018851 [Cited 2009 November 17].

8.02

(1)" Seeds of most weeds in the genus Ipomoea become dormant because of impermeability of the seed coat to water and dormancy occurs immediately at physiological maturity or a few days after this period. This dormancy is called coat-imposed dormancy in which the seed coat is a mechanical barrier." (2) This study on the effectiveness of herbicides for the control of Ipomoea obscura indicated that the invasion of Ipomoea in pineapple production areas was caused by seed dormancy and soil seed bank that protected it from herbicide, so the weed could germinate at any time and it infested the crop at several growing stages.

(1) Suwanketnikom, R., Julakasewee, A. 2004. Hard seededness and germination of small white flower morningglory. Kasetsart J. 38:425-433. (2) http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0260045c.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17]

8.03

(1) Glufosinate or L-glufosinate is an effective control of Ipomoea obscura when applied to a the lower portion of a hill of Ipomoea. (2) This study on the effectiveness of herbicides for the control of Ipomoea obscura indicated that the invasion of Ipomoea in pineapple production areas was caused by seed dormancy and soil seed bank that protected it from herbicide, so the weed could germinate at any time and it infested the crop at several growing stages. Ipomoea can be effectively controlled with bromacil at 3.6 kg. a.i/ha, dicamba at 0.24 and 0.48kg. a.i/ha, quinclorac at 46.90 g.a.i./ha and 93.75 g.a.i./ha.

(1) http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPATAPP11537858&id=YYWnAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=i
pomoea+obscura+%2B+%22herbicide%22+%22control%22&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=&f=false [Cited 2009 November 18]. (2) http://kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/Fulltext_kukr/KU0260045c.pdf [Cited 2009 November 17]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown