Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Indigofera teysmannii (Indigofera zollingeriana; Indigofera benthamiana; 'Neel' in India)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1) '…this species of late has come to the south western part of India and has got almost naturalized.' This species is used extensively in tea estates of north east India as temporary shade. (2)Very rare in Jamaica

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5: 126 -127. (2)Adams, G.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Mona.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Native of Malaya. Also reported from Western Java. Naturalized in India. (2)Present in Philippines. (3)This tree grows wild in Viet Nam

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127. (2) Merrill, E.D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila Bureay of Printing. Vol 2 (3)http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

2.02

Native of Malaya. Also reported from Western Java. Naturalized in India.

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127.

2.03

it cannot tolerate very cold weather, and therefore is not suitable for elevations above 500 meters.

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

2.04

'…this species of late has come to the south western part of India and has got almost naturalized.' This species is used extensively in tea estates of north east India as temporary shade.

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127.

2.05

Introduced to (1) Java and naturalization in India. (2) Philippines. (3)Jamaica

(1)Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127. (2) Merrill, E.D. 1925. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila Bureay of Printing. Vol 2 (3)Adams, G.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies Press. Mona.

3.01

'…this species of late has come to the south western part of India and has got almost naturalized.' This species is used extensively in tea estates of north east India as temporary shade.

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

Indigofera arreeta, I. glandulosa and I. Anneaphylla are common weeds in Indonesia. I. hendecaphylla is a common weed in Kenya, Columbia, Nigeria and Taiwan.

Holm et al. An electronic atlas of weeds of the world. 1997 version 1.

4.01

No evidence

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Indigofera is used as a forage crop mixed witih grasses.

http://www.krishiworld.com/html/for_crop_grass3.html

4.05

Don’t know [several references indicated that Indigofera can be toxic in large quantities, although it is used for forage when mixed with grass

e.g. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/afris/Data/247.HTM

4.06

(1)Cercospora teysmani
Ganoderma endocrown
(2) Fusarium solani causes death of I. Teysmanii None of the above were found to be recognized pests.

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2) Satyanarayan, G. and Barua K.C. 1984. Fusarium wilt of Indigofera teysmanii. Two and a bud. 31(2): 33

4.07

No evidence

4.08

No informatio

4.09

No information

4.1

No information

4.11

Not a vine.

Joseph, K.T. and Suresh, C.R. 1982. Notes of two interesting exotic species from south India. Two and a bud. 5(2): 126 -127.

4.12

[appears to be less vigorous that its congener I. edulus] I. edulis had a significantly higher density than both C. calothyrsus and I. zollingeriana, while in the FOR-site I. zollingeriana had a significantly lower density than the two other species.

http://www.iita.org/research/projann2000/proj11.pdf

5.01

5.02

5.03

'In a reforestation scheme, nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs would be used as pioneer/nurse species, and as soil enrichers to give better growth of high-value timber species. Examples would be Indigofera tyesmani (Anil) utilized as a pioneer species in reforestation plots in Vietnam (personal observation), ..'

http://www.agnet.org/library/article/eb463.html

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

It grows quickly and is easy to propagate from seeds or cuttings.

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

Typical bean flower

http://wagner.zo.ntu.edu.tw/preserve/vascular_34/book1/083.HTM

6.06

A single shrub or tree

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

6.07

It grows quickly

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

7.01

relatively large seeds

7.02

Probably not - no evidence of it having ornamental or food value.

7.03

grown as a shade crop for tea, but seeds are large

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

7.04

no adaptation to wind

http://wagner.zo.ntu.edu.tw/preserve/vascular_34/book1/083.HTM

7.05

Grows in fairly dry habitats

http://www.communityipm.org/docs/Tea_Eco-Guide/07_Other%20plants.PDF

7.06

hard seeds possibly consumed by birds but main mode of dispersal is probably gravity

7.07

no means of attachment

http://wagner.zo.ntu.edu.tw/preserve/vascular_34/book1/083.HTM

7.08

No information

8.01

probably borderline

8.02

A hard-seeded legume

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

In general, indigofera is killed by fire but can regenerate from seeds.

life.csu.edu.au/herb/indiaust_sws.html

8.05

Don’t know.