Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Impatiens balsamina

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

1.03

Did not find any evidence that this spceishas weed races.

2.01

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

2.02

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

2.03

restricted to moist conditions > 60 degrees F

http://doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

2.04

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

2.05

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

3.01

'Naturilized in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroun, Sao Tome, principe, Zaire, S. Kenya, N. Tanzania and Mozambique. It is native to India and parts of Southeast Asia and has naturalized in various African countries.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

3.02

Did not find any evidence that this species is weedy.

3.03

It is recorded as a "common weed" only in Puerto Rico. This means that it is not thought to be a pest of concern in agriculture but that it is naturalized. It is recorded as a "weed on unknown importance" in USA, Mexico and Vietnam. There is no record of this plant being considered problem enough to allocate resources for its control. In gardens, spontaneous plants are not considered a weed because of their flowers.

Holme -- Geographic Atlas of world weeds

3.04

Did not find any evidence that this species is weedy.

3.05

Impatiens glandulifera is a weed in Europe.

Cronk, Q. C. B. & J. L. Fuller. 1995. Plant invaders. Chapman and Hall. London.

4.01

Does not produce thorns, spines or burrs.

Wilson, C. G. 1980. Impatiens of Africa. A. A. Balkeman. Netherlands.

4.02

Did not find any evidence that this species is allelopathic.

4.03

Did not find any evidence that this species is parasitic.

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence that it is toxic

4.06

Heavily attacked by root knot nematode

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_MG319

4.07

Did not find any evidence that it is toxic to humans.

4.08

succulent herb

4.09

full sun, AM or PM sun, light shade, likes continuous shade or at least filtered light

http://www.jlhudsonseeds.com/SeedlistH-K.htm http://doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

4.1

moist, sandy garden soil. Must stay wet.

http://www.jlhudsonseeds.com/SeedlistH-K.htm http://doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

4.11

It is a herb and did not find any evidence of it having a smothering habit.

4.12

Don’t know.

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

Did not find any reference regarding reproductive behavior in the native habitat.

6.02

No evidence regarding nonviability

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

Probably not - flowers come in various colors and do not appear to have special morphological features that are adapted for a special pollinator.

6.06

seeds

6.07

It ia an annual herb.

CD-Rom Plant Master 5.5

7.01

Tiny seeds can be trapped in mud on shoes. Often planted as a border plant or along walkways.

7.02

The species is one of the favortie garden ornamentals and this property may bring about the intentional introduction of this species.

7.03

Probably not if the species doesn not grow as a weed in agricultural fields.

7.04

explosive capsules (tiny seeds can easily be carried by wind)

7.05

explosive capsules

7.06

explosive capsules

7.07

explosive capsules

7.08

Don’t know.

8.01

Hundreds of tiny seeds per capsule. 46,000 seeds per 1/2 teaspoon

http://doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

8.02

for two years at most, even under ideal storage conditions

http://doityourself.com/flowers/impatiens.htm

8.03

Did not find any evidence for the species being controlled by chemical means.

8.04

Probably not, it is a herbaceous annual that does not easily recover from slug damage.

8.05

No evidence.