Ilex vomitoria Sol. ex Aiton forma 'Pendula' Foret & Solymosy. Family - Aquifoliaceae. Common Names(s) - weeping yaupon holly.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3.5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a naturally occurring hybrid that was discovered in the wild and brought into cultivation. It is considered to be a native plant. (2) Ilex vomitoria forma pendula was discovered in an area of 80 acres southeast from Folsom Louisiana. Easily propagated by cuttings or seed. The sexually propagated progeny inherits the characteristics of the parent. In 1960 this variant was the only known weeping holly. It was assumed that this variant would become a valuable ornamental because of the weeping characteristic of the branches.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) Foret J.A., Solymosy S.L. 1960. A new variant of Ilex vomitoria. Baileya. 8 (3):83.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a North American native. (2) Ilex vomitoria forma pendula was discovered in an area of 80 acres southeast from Folsom Louisiana. Easily propagated by cuttings or seed. The sexually propagated progeny inherits the characteristics of the parent. In 1960 this variant was the only known weeping holly. It was assumed that this variant would become a valuable ornamental because of the weeping characteristic of the branches.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) Foret J.A., Solymosy S.L. 1960. A new variant of Ilex vomitoria. Baileya. 8 (3):83.

2.02

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a North American native. (2) Ilex vomitoria forma pendula was discovered in an area of 80 acres southeast from Folsom Louisiana. Easily propagated by cuttings or seed. The sexually propagated progeny inherits the characteristics of the parent. In 1960 this variant was the only known weeping holly. It was assumed that this variant would become a valuable ornamental because of the weeping characteristic of the branches.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) Foret J.A., Solymosy S.L. 1960. A new variant of Ilex vomitoria. Baileya. 8 (3):83.

2.03

(1) USDA hardiness zones: 7 -9. (2) USDA hardiness zones: 7-8. (3)Hardiness: USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/ilex_vomitoria_fpendula.html [Cited 2009 July 13]. (3)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/90870/ [Cited 2009 July 16]

2.04

There is no evidence of naturalization outside of its native range. (1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a North American native. (2) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a naturally occurring hybrid that was discovered in the wild and brought into cultivation. It is considered to be a native plant. (3) Ilex vomitoria forma pendula was discovered in an area of 80 acres southeast from Folsom Louisiana. Easily propagated by cuttings or seed. The sexually propagated progeny inherits the characteristics of the parent. In 1960 this variant was the only known weeping holly. It was assumed that this variant would become a valuable ornamental because of the weeping characteristic of the branches.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (3) Foret J.A., Solymosy S.L. 1960. A new variant of Ilex vomitoria. Baileya. 8 (3):83.

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions to regions outside its native range.

3.01

No evidence of naturalization.

3.02

No evidence of Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' or Ilex vomitoria as a controlled garden weed. (1) Seeds itself into the landscape.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence. (1) Ilex vomitoria reduces the quantity and diversity of herbaceous vegetation in open savannah rangelands in Texas. The transition of savannah rangelands to dense woodlands with stands of Ilex in the understory has been attributed to overgrazing and fire suppression.

(1) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf

3.05

(1) Ilex aquifolium is an invasive shrub that forms dense thickets, is dispersed by birds and can spread through suckering. It is a problem in North Vancouver and Vancouver Island, where it is controlled by manual removal methods. (2) Ilex aquifolium is a weed of concern in Kings County, Washington. It invades native forests, forming dense thickets that crowd out native species. Manual, mechanical and chemical control methods are suggested by the county. The county lends weed wrenches to the public.

(1) http://www.evergreen.ca/en/cg/pdf/invasive/holly_factSheet.pdf [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://www.magnoliagardensnursery.com/about.html [Cited 2009 July 14].

4.01

(1) Simple leaf, oblong to 1/2 inches long, crenate margin. (2) Leaves with short petioles, oval, oblong, or oblanceolate, obtusish, crenate with brown horny teeth.

(1) http://www.horticulture.lsu.edu/plantmaterials/Plant%20Groups/Evergreen%20Trees/Ilex%20vomitoria%20pendula/index.htm [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) Foret J.A., Solymosy S.L. 1960. A new variant of Ilex vomitoria. Baileya. 8 (3):83.

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic. Aquifoliaceae

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 July 14].

4.04

(1) Ilex vomitoria is a year-round food source for white-tailed deer, providing green forage for deer maintenance in late winter. It is used with intermediate frequency by deer across much of its range. Cattle will intensely browse Ilex vomitoria when grass is scarce.

(1) http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/trel97-16.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed for Ilex vomitoria. (2) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet for Ilex vomitoria.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 July 14]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 July 14].

4.06

(1) Long-term health of Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula is not usually affected by pests. (2) Ilex vomitoria is subject to pitted scale (Asterolecarium puteanum), which makes conical pits on twigs, and tea scale (Fiorinia theae), which forms cottony patches on the undersides of leaves.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/trel97-16.pdf [Cited 2009 July 14].

4.07

(1) Berries of Ilex vomitoria are poisonous. The leaves are used medicinally. (2) The berries of Ilex vomitoria are poisonous. The leaves are nontoxic.

(1) http://www.herbsociety.org/promplant/yaupon.php [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=-J-YxItyrHEC&pg=PT196&dq=ilex+vomitoria&lr= [Cited 2009 July 13].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Grows in part shade/sun, full sun. (2) Sun to partial shade. (3) Like its cousin, the Yaupon Holly, Weeping Yaupon is a versatile evergreen holly for general use in Texas. It grows on almost any soil type and in sun or shade, although it is found naturally in low, moist, acid woods. It is drought tolerant but can also survive temporary poor drainage.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/ilex_vomitoria_fpendula.html [Cited 2009 July 13]. (3)http://www.rcwnurseries.com/Trees/weepingyauponholly.htm [Cited 2009 July 16]

4.10

(1) Soil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline; extended flooding; well-drained.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

4.11

(1) Height 15 to 30 feet; spread: 6 to 12 feet. (2) Uprights weeping habit; 20-25 feet.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/ilex_vomitoria_fpendula.html [Cited 2009 July 13].

4.12

Unknown (1) Ilex vomitoria is a thicket-forming multistemmed shrub.

(1) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

5.02

(1) Aquifoliaceae.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

5.03

(1) Aquifoliceae

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

5.04

(1) Tree

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

6.01

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a native species that was discovered in the wild and occurred without the interference of humans.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry.

6.02

(1) Propagation is by cuttings. (2) Invasive potential, seeds itself into the landscape.

(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST312 [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

6.03

Unknown. (1) Ilex vomitoria hybridizes naturally with other Ilex species.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=cHLew4xn4hcC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=ilex+vomitoria+%2B+
%22invasive%22&source=bl&ots=k5J41hOSqb&sig=sH7rgNoHKxwXk2WTHrsofwFksHQ&hl=en&ei=-txbSpylL5SysgOBqqSeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 [Cited 2009 July 13].

6.04

(1)Female flowers. Hollies are dioecious - trees have either male or female flowers. (2)Ilex vomitoria ( Pendula )...This cultivar comes in both male and female forms.

(1)http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/ilvo.html [Accessed 15 July 2009] (2)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_023e.html [Accessed 16 July 2009]

6.05

(1) Flowers attract bees.

(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST312 [Cited 2009 July 13].

6.06

(1) Propagation is by cuttings. (2) Ilex vomitoria can reproduce asexually through root or basal crown sprouting. (3)Light pruning may be necessary to maintain shape, but unlike the species it requires less maintenance because it does not sprout from the roots. (4)The shade from Weeping Yaupons is dappled and ideal for cooling Florida plants growing beneath them from the hot sun. Caution. Be careful not to plant the upright forms of native Yaupon - Ilex vomitoria or the similar looking native Black Haw - Viburnum obovatum which are native trees with nearly identical tiny leaves. These 2 species produce prolific underground stems and suckers that pop up around and away from the main plant.These suckers form dense thickets that make home gardening very unpleasant to deal with. [Weeping Yaopon is distinguished from upright form, which does spread by suckers]

(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST312 [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf (3)http://treesandpowerlines.ifas.ufl.edu/ilex_vomitoria_pendula.html [Cited 2009 July 16] (4)http://www.floridafriendlyplants.com/Plant_Detail.asp?PlantID=109 [Cited 2009 July 16]

6.07

(1) Growth rate moderate. (2) Growth rate moderate.

(1) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/ilex_vomitoria_fpendula.html [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://treesandpowerlines.ifas.ufl.edu/ilex_vomitoria_pendula.html [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.01

Unlikely (1) Fruit is round berry < 0.5 inch; persistent on the tree.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.02

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a cultivar that is recommended for landscape use. (2) Magnolia Nursery has Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' for sale.

(1) http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/trel97-16.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://www.magnoliagardensnursery.com/about.html [Cited 2009 July 14].

7.03

(1) Berries are persistent on the female plant. Many nursery owners produce multistemmed plants. Purchase a plant with berries on it if you want a berry producing plant. (2) An interesting variety of the native Ilex vomitoria generally used as a specimen or accent. Red berries late autumn through winter on female plants.

(1) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) http://www.horticulture.lsu.edu/plantmaterials/Plant%20Groups/Evergreen%20Trees/Ilex%20vomitoria%20pendula/index.htm [Cited 2009 July 14].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a tall female plant with translucent red fruits. (2) Fruit attracts birds, squirrels and other mammals. Fruit is < .5 inches, round and fleshy.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.05

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a tall female plant with translucent red fruits. (2) Fruit attracts birds, squirrels and other mammals. Fruit is < .5 inches, round and fleshy.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.06

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a tall female plant with translucent red fruits. (2) Fruit attracts birds, squirrels and other mammals. Fruit is < .5 inches, round and fleshy.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.07

No means of attachment. (1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a tall female plant with translucent red fruits. (2) Fruit attracts birds, squirrels and other mammals. Fruit is < .5 inches, round and fleshy.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

7.08

(1) Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is a tall female plant with translucent red fruits. (2) Fruit attracts birds, squirrels and other mammals. Fruit is < .5 inches, round and fleshy.

(1) Coile N.C. 2002. Native plant? Wildflower? Endemic? Exotic? Invasive? Rare? Endangered?. Botany Circular No. 35 July/August. Florida Department Agriculture & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry. (2) http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/ILEVOMB.pdf [Cited 2009 July 13].

8.01

Unknown. (1) Fruiting on Ilex vomitoria 'Pendula' is as heavy as fruiting on Ilex vomitoria. (2) Fruit production of Ilex vomitoria has been reported up to 150 lbs/ac underneath pine stands in east Texas, but in the open they have produced 5 to 57 times more than plants of the same age beneath trees.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=DQynGWE-ffwC&pg=PA108&dq=Ilex+vomitoria+%27Pendula%27 [Cited 2009 July 13]. (2) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf

8.02

Unknown. (1) Seeds of ilex vomitoria were tested for their longevity in three forested sites in Mississippi and Alabama. Seed were removed from each site annually for 5 years. Ilex vomitoria had a mean germination rate of 3 % for the first year and 0% for the subsequent four years. Ilex vomitoria seeds exhibit a deep dormancy caused by both a hard endocarp surrounding the seedcoat and an immature, dormant embryo, which results in extremely retarded germination that is commonly delayed for as much as 16 months but may require up to 3 years for completion. (2) Seeds of Ilex vomitoria usually take 2 years to germinate.

(1) Meadows J., Bonner F., Haywood J.D. 2006. Soil-Seed Bank Survival in Forests of the Southern United States. New Forests 32(3): 335-345. (2) http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/trel97-16.pdf Cited 2009 July 13].

8.03

Unknown. (1) Herbicide application of 5-25% triclopyr resulted in > 90% mortality of Ilex vomitoria using spray-only, cut-stump and burn-herbicide application treatments.

(1) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf

8.04

(1) Ilex vomitoria can form sprouts at the base when the top is removed. It is adapted to fire. It is top-killed and resprouts from the basal crown.

(1) Dupree S.R. 2004. Managing invasive yaupon holly in the Texas post oak savannah. [Thesis on the internet] Lubbock Texas. Texas Tech University. 50 p. [Cited 2009 July 13]. Available from: http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012008-31295019526226/unrestricted/31295019526226.pdf

8.05

Unknown