Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Holmskioldia sanguinea; Chinese hatplant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.81 " Native to subtropical Hymalayan region of Pakistan and india, but widely introduced and naturalized throught Southern Asia, Mauritius, Indonesia and West Indes." [Not listed in flora of Mauritius, not listed in Flora of Jamaica, rare escape from cultivation in Florida (Wunderlin)]

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19228 (09 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Bangladesh; Bhutan; India [n.]; Nepal

2.02

2.03

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

USDA hardiness 10b-11

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19228 (09 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native: Asia-Tropical: Bangladesh; Bhutan; India [n.]; Nepal

2.05

USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

present in US: Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico

3.01

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.81 " Native to subtropical Hymalayan region of Pakistan and india, but widely introduced and naturalized throught Southern Asia, Mauritius, Indonesia and West Indes." [Not listed in flora of Mauritius, not listed in Flora of Jamaica, rare escape from cultivation in Florida (Wunderlin)]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

not known to be invasive

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.262

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

possibly-- a scaggly shrub which can acculumate dry canes

4.09

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.263 (2)http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/02/stories/2001120200410700.htm (3)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

(1)" sunny to partially shaded places are prefered" (2)sun loving plant (3)part shade/part sun

4.1

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.263 (2)http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2001/12/02/stories/2001120200410700.htm (3)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

(1)"fertile well-drained soils are prefered" (2)Adaptability to poor soil (3)Soil tolerances: acidic; slightly alkaline; sand; loam; clay;

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.262

"shrub or small tree to 3 m high"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.262

"shrub or small tree to 3 m high"; Verbenaceae (Lamiaceae)

5.03

no evidence

5.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.262

"shrub or small tree to 3 m high"

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. P.262

"propagate by cuttings, air layering, or seeds"

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p. 79 " The plant is a favorite of huming and sunbirds."; p.81 "Corolla tubular, brick red, scartlet to orange, or red-rown, 1.5-2.5cm long, 5-lobed."

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/fyn/publications/low-maintenance-plants.PDF

Growth rate: fast [conservative estimate for a fast-growing shub]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.81 " Native to subtropical Hymalayan region of Pakistan and india, but widely introduced throughout Southern Asia, Mauritius, Indonesia and West Indes."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

not typically found near water

7.06

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.79 " The fruit of H. sanguinea is subfleshy, glabrous and verrucose; and it splits into four nutlet."

7.07

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.79 " The fruit of H. sanguinea is subfleshy, glabrous and verrucose; and it splits into four nutlet." [unlikely external dispersal due to small seeds and small fruit, no means of attachment]

7.08

dispersed by birds

8.01

Atkins, S. (1996) Holmskioldia sanguinea . Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1996, Vol.13, No.2, pp.79-81, 2 ref.

p.79 " The fruit of H. sanguinea is subfleshy, glabrous and verrucose; and it splits into four nutlet." [need >250 flowers per square meter, this seems possible given that it is a prolific flower producer, but borderline]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

the ground every few years.

8.05

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/HOLSANA.PDF

growing this plant.