Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hippeastrum puniceum (syn. Amaryllis belladona auct. nonn., Amaryllis equestris Aiton, Amaryllis punicea Lam., Hippeastrum equestre (Aiton) Herb.); Barbados lily, American belladona

Answer

1.01

synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) There has been much hybridization in the genus, however, leading to confusion in the identification of species.
(2) Little of this genetic diversity is represented in modem amaryllis hybrids. Primary hybrids were produced from a relatively small number of species, mainly H. vittatum Herbert, H. leopoldii Dombrain, H. pardinum (Hook. f.) Lemaire, H. reginae Herbert, H. puniceum (Lamarck) Voss and H. aulicum Herbert (Bell 1973a, Cage 1978a, Meerow 1988, Shields 1979, Traub 1934a). [most cultivated plants of Happeastrum are of complex hybrid origin, however, no indication of wild species were dometicated]

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.259
(2) http://www.endowment.org/projects/1994/meerow.html

1.02

(1)naturalized along irrigation ditches, pastures and disturbed areas (2)Naturalized in fields, hillsides and roadside (3)naturalize along roadsides

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu (2)Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent Islands.Editorial de La Universidad de Puerto Rico, (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Universityof the West Indies, Mona.

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Puerto Rico; St. Lucia
Mesoamerica: Nicaragua
Other: also cultivated

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Hippeastrum+puniceum (20 January 2004)

2.02

2.03

Hardiness Range 8A to 10A [based on Hippeastrum hybrids] (2)Natural habitat is lowland moist tropical forest [Hispaniola] (3)Roadsides near habitations 300-1100 m

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0127_full.html (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Universityof the West Indies, Mona.

2.04

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela
Western South America: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Puerto Rico; St. Lucia
Mesoamerica: Nicaragua
Other: also cultivated

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Hippeastrum+puniceum (20 January 2004)

2.05

Location of introduction to US: Hawaii, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

3.01

(1)naturalized along irrigation ditches, pastures and disturbed areas (2)Naturalized in fields, hillsides and roadside (3)naturalize along roadsides

(1)Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu (2)Liogier, H.A. and Martorell, L.F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent Islands.Editorial de La Universidad de Puerto Rico, (3)Adams, C.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Universityof the West Indies, Mona.

3.02

no evidence

3.03

Listed as "present" in Jamaica (not an economic weed)

Geographic Atlas of World Weeds, Holm, Pancho, Herberger, Pluncknett

3.04

Amaryllis belladonna is listed as a weed of unknown importance (designated X) in Western Australia and SA (not in Queensland)

Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

3.05

no evidence

4.01

no description of these traits

Neal, M.C. (1965) In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice p. Bishop Museum Special Publicatio 50. Bishop Museeum Press, Honolulu. 924pp. p.223

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

deer avoid it

http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/publications/deerbest.html

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1) Stagonospora curtisii: Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands
(2) [a pathogenic fungus also infest other Hippeastrum species/hybrids - not counted because of circular reasoning involved]

(1) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm
(2) Conijn, C. G. M. (1983) New material for controlling Stagonospora in Hippeastrum ("amaryllis"). (Foreign Title: Nieuw Stagonospora-bestrijdingsmiddel in Hippeastrum (amaryllis).) Bloembollencultuur, 1983, Vol. 93, No. 40, pp. 1039

4.07

(1) on "a list of a few of the most common poisonous plants and the parts of the plants known to be dangerous" [the context or audience for this memo is unknown; could not find any instances of human poisoning]
(2) Hippeastrum Herbert. Amaryllis, Royal Dutch Amaryllis At least some species are irritant (Burkill 1935).

(1) http://bruin.brittan.sancarlos.k12.ca.us/BUGS/Plants_to_Avoid.pdf
(2) http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html

4.08

a bulb-forming perrenial herb

4.09

(1) Bulbous plant from open fields, found growing under full sun
(2) Exposure Partial shade or partial sun to full sun [based on Hippeastrum hybrids] (3)likes partial shade

(1) http://mpeixoto.sites.uol.com.br/amaryl/puniceum.html
(2) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (3)http://home.tampabay.rr.com/griffinialand/Hippeastrum.htm

4.1

Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, tolerates some salt, somewhat drought tolerant [based on Hippeastrum hybrids]

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

4.11

a bulb-forming perrenial herb

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.258

4.12

a bulb-forming perrenial herb

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

a bulb-forming perrenial herb; Amaryllidaceae

5.03

a bulb-forming perrenial herb

5.04

a bulb-forming perrenial herb

6.01

no evidence

6.02

"PROPAGATION: Offsets or small bulbs can be taken off and potted in 3-inch pots. They'll flower in two or three years. Seeds may also be sown in April or May, in well-drained pots of sandy loam. " [chracteristics of the whole genus]

http://www.botany.com/hippeastrum.html

6.03

Commercial breeding efforts subsequent to the initial flurry of primary hybridization has largely been concentrated among the hybrids themselves, leading to a greater complexity of parentage (much without documentation) & dilution of many of the unique characteristics of the original component species. [known to form hybrids with other species but no direct evidence of natural hybridization]

http://www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000011/42/0000114203.html

6.04

"The overwhelming majority of Hippeastrum species are diploid, with somatic chromosome number of 2n = 22 (Arroyo 1982, Flory & Coulthard 1981, Naranjo & Andrada 1975). Virtually all of the complex hybrid material presently in cultivation is tetraploid (Bell 1973a, 1973b, 1977a, Shields 1979), a result of both selection for tetraploid progeny (often associated with plant and flower size increases in hybrid amaryllis) and incorporation of a few natural tetraploid species in early hybridization efforts. The concentration of recent commercial breeding efforts among the various populations of tetraploids may exist for several reasons: 1) desirable characteristics of flower size, scape number, and plant vigor are already stabilized in the hybrid races; 2) sterile triploid progeny result when diploid species are crossed with tetraploid hybrids (Bell 1973b, 1977a); 3) many of the diploid species are not readily available; and 4) self-incompatibility, which occurs in most diploid species and diploid hybrids, generally

http://www.endowment.org/projects/1994/meerow.html

6.05

"Apart from the gaudy reds and oranges of the sub-tropical, hummingbird-pollinated species, there are fragrant ones with long trumpet-shaped white flowers, almost certainly pollinated by moths, and dainty, small-flowered species from the Chilean Andes." [H. puniceum is bright red in floral color, hence should be among the hummingbird-pollinated species]

http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/archive/events/HipWeb/HipPort.htm

6.06

Clump forming herb [lacks stolons or runners]

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Amaryllis.htm

6.07

"Seedlings take 2-4 years to reach flowering size. " [chracteristics of the whole genus]

http://www.islapro.com/ecologia/generes/hippeastrum.html

7.01

no evidence

7.02

'These magnificent plants, grown from bulbs, are popular in Australia and New Zealand as garden plants and container specimens.' [In general about Hippeastrums].

http://www.bhg.com.au/gardening.nsf/Content/Plant+encyclopedia+-+Hippeastrum

7.03

no evidence

7.04

"Amaryllids, or winged seeds such as Agapanthus, Hippeastrum and Cyrtanthus," [chracteristics of the whole genus, winged seeds]

http://www.angelfire.com/ri/ixia/float.html

7.05

no evidence but the seeds are light and able to float on water "Seeds which do not hold their viability for a long period of time, often are best germinated by the Flotation method. Amaryllids, or winged seeds such as Agapanthus, Hippeastrum and Cyrtanthus, can be germinated by flotation. "

http://www.angelfire.com/ri/ixia/float.html

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no known means of attachment

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

fruit a capsule; seeds numerous

Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu

8.02

"Just let the seed capsule mature until it just starts to split. At that time you can take out the black/brown seeds and plant them right away. Planting right away seems to provide the best germination. " [chracteristics of species in the same genus, no indication of any dormancy]

http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/hybrid/msg1215442032303.html

8.03

no evidence

8.04

Bulbs can easily be dug up and replanted [implying that these plant would survive and benefit (through breaking off small bulbs) from cultivation of soil]

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8529.html

8.05

no evidence