Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Family - Malvaceae. Common Names(s) - Roselle, Indian-sorrel, Jamaica-sorrel, red-sorrel, Rosella, sorrel, Malventee. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

y

1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Evidence indicates that Hibiscus sabdariffa was domesticated by the people of western Sudan sometime before 4000 BC. Among the accessions in the USDA collected, several could not be assigned to fiber or edible type, but were intermediate. These forms corresponded to Hibiscus mechowii Garcke, which seems to be a wild ancestor of Hibiscus sabdariffa.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91.

1.02

(1) The edible form of Hibiscus sabdariffa is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the Pacific. (2) "H. sabdariffa L., apparently occurs only as a cultivar that is utilized for its edible leaves and calyces. I saw no evidence that H. sabdariffa occurs in a wild or naturalized state in the areas of Kenya and Tanzania that I visited."

(1) Wilson, F. D. (1993). "Hibiscus Section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Islands of the Pacific Basin." Brittonia 45(4): 275-285. (2) Wilson F.D. 1978. Wild Kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae), and related species in Kenya and Tanzania. Economic Botany 32 (2):199-204.

1.03

(1)Disturbed areas, riparian habitats and Eucalyptus savanna. A native of Africa it is now widespread in most tropical countries. Naturalised from Darwin to the Katherine region and across the north of Western Australia. It is not particularly invasive in Queensland as yet. Seed is dispersed when eaten by birds and animals and expelled. Spread intentional as a cultivated ornamental and food plant. Competes with native species. (2)The fruiting calyx becomes red and fleshy and has been used as 'filler' for jam. It is a garden escape, occurring as a weed of wasteland, creeks and river edges in the Kimberly.

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia: a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Australia. (2)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA.

2.01

(1) Widely cultivated. Probable origin tropical Africa.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 [Cited 2009 June 23].

2.02

(1) Widely cultivated. Probable origin tropical Africa.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 [Cited 2009 June 23].

2.03

(1) Does well from 0-2,000 feet (600 m). The plant does not flower and fruit in the United States until the short days of late fall or early winter, production of fruit in temperate zones is difficult to achieve, unless frost-free conditions enable the plants to grow into December. (2) Grows best from 0 - 600 m. (3) USDA Zones 8-11. (4)BIOPHYSICAL LIMITS Altitude: 0-1 250 m Mean annual temperature: 23 deg C Mean annual rainfall: 1 500–2 000 mm

(1) Crane, J. C. (1949). "Roselle: A Potentially Important Plant Fiber." Economic Botany 3(1): 89-103. (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Hibiscus+sabdariffa [Cited 2009 June 26]. (3) http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/hibi_sab.cfm [Cited 2009 June 26]. (4)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Hibiscus_sabdariffa.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2009]

2.04

(1) Widely cultivated. Probable origin tropical Africa.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 [Cited 2009 June 23].

2.05

(1) Widely cultivated. Probable origin tropical Africa. (2) Evidence indicates that Hibiscus sabdariffa was carried from Africa to the New World by slaves; its use was noted in Jamaica in 1707.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 [Cited 2009 June 23]. (2) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91.

3.01

(1) The edible form of Hibiscus sabdariffa is cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the Pacific.

(1) Wilson, F. D. (1993). "Hibiscus Section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Islands of the Pacific Basin." Brittonia 45(4): 275-285.

3.02

(1)Disturbed areas, riparian habitats and Eucalyptus savanna. A native of Africa it is now widespread in most tropical countries. Naturalised from Darwin to the Katherine region and across the north of Western Australia. It is not particularly invasive in Queensland as yet. Seed is dispersed when eaten by birds and animals and expelled. Spread intentional as a cultivated ornamental and food plant. Competes with native species. [potential environmental weed, but insufficient evidence to answer "yes" to question 3.04] (2)The fruiting calyx becomes red and fleshy and has been used as 'filler' for jam. It is a garden escape, occurring as a weed of wasteland, creeks and river edges in the Kimberly.

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia: a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Australia. (2)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA.

3.03

No evidence of control. (1) The Global Compendium of Weeds cites Hibiscus sabdariffa as a casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalized, weed.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hibiscus_sabdariffa/ [Cited 2009 June 30].

3.04

(1)Disturbed areas, riparian habitats and Eucalyptus savanna. A native of Africa it is now widespread in most tropical countries. Naturalised from Darwin to the Katherine region and across the north of Western Australia. It is not particularly invasive in Queensland as yet. Seed is dispersed when eaten by birds and animals and expelled. Spread intentional as a cultivated ornamental and food plant. Competes with native species. [potential environmental weed, but insufficient evidence to answer "yes" to question 3.04] (2)The fruiting calyx becomes red and fleshy and has been used as 'filler' for jam. It is a garden escape, occurring as a weed of wasteland, creeks and river edges in the Kimberly.

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia: a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Australia. (2)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA.

3.05

(1) Hibiscus tiliaceus is a category 2 invasive weed in Florida. Category 2 weeds have expanded in abundance or frequency but have yet to impact native communities.

(1) http://www.pascocountyfl.net/ordinances/landscape/appxc.pdf [Cited 2009 June 30].

4.01

(1) Hibiscus sabdariffa is a robust many-branched shrub-like annual that gets 4-7 ft (1.2-2.1 m) tall and almost as broad. The dark green leaves are about 6 in (15 cm) across and deeply dissected into 5 narrow lobes. The stems, branches, leaf veins, and petioles (leaf stems) are reddish purple. The hibiscus-like flowers, appearing in October, are yellow and about 3 in (7.6 cm) across. At the bottom of each flower, enclosing the bases of the five petals, is a fleshy bright red cup-like structure called a calyx, The calyx is about 1 in (2.5 cm) in diameter

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/hibi_sab.cfm [Cited 2009 June 26].

4.02

No evidence of allelopathy

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html#anchor633279 [Cited 2009 June 26].

4.04

(1) The seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa are good fodder for cattle. (2) This study in Niger demonstrated that the abundance of Hibiscus sabdariffa decreased in plots during both wet and dry season grazing by cattle.

(1) Holland, J. H. (1919). "Food and Fodder Plants." Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) 1919(1/2): 1-84. (2) Hiernaux P., Herault B. 2003. Influence of grazing regime by cattle on the soil seed stock and germination pattern in the annual rangelands of the Sahel. Proceedings of the VII International Rangeland Congress. July 26-August 1, 2003. Durban, South Africa.

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed.

(1) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ [Cited 2009 June 30]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [Cited 2009 June 30].

4.06

(1) Some varieties of Hibiscus sabdariffa are resistant to root-knot nematodes. (2) H. sabdaruffa's major enemy is the root-knot nematode, Heterodera rudicicola. Mealybugs may be very troublesome. In Australia, 3 beetles, Nisotra breweri, Lagris cyanea, and Rhyparida discopunctulata, attack the leaves. The "white" roselle has been found heavily infested with the cocoa beetle, Steirastoma breve in Trinidad, with a lighter infestation of the red roselle in an intermixed planting. Occasional minor pests are scales, Coccus hesperidum and Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, on stems and branches; yellow aphid, Aphis gossypii, on leaves and flower buds; and the cotton stainer, Dysdercus suturellus, on ripening calyces. In Florida, mildew (Oidium) may require control. Late in the season, leaves on some Philippine plants have appeared soft and shriveled; and Phoma sabdariffae has also done minimal damage. (3) Hibiscus sabdariffa is an important host of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Carribean. The estimates for crop losses in Grenada for the period 1995-1998 were $18.3 million and the costs of the control program were $1.1 million.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91. (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/roselle.html [Cited 2009 June 26]. (3) Kairo, M. T. K., Pollard G.V., Peterkin D.D., Lopez V.F. 2000. "Biological Control of the Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus Hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Caribbean." Integrated Pest Management Reviews 5(4): 241-254.

4.07

(1)The seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa are eaten or ground into meal; the leaves and shoots are eaten; the fleshy fruiting calyces are used in jellies and confections; the juice is expressed and made into fresh or fermented drink. Various parts of the plant are used as medicines for humans and animals; the fiber types are used as jute substitutes. (2) The fresh calyxes if Hibiscus sabdariffa are eaten in West Africa.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91. (2) Irvine, F. R. (1952). "Supplementary and Emergency Food Plants of West Africa." Economic Botany 6(1): 23-40.

4.08

(1) Herbaceous, annual

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

4.09

(1) Can not grow in the shade. (2) Requires full sun. (3)It is not shade tolerant and must be kept weed-free, weeding for the first month is important.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Hibiscus+sabdariffa [Cited 2009 June 26]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/H/hibi_sab.cfm [Cited 2009 June 26].(3)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Hibiscus_sabdariffa.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2009]

4.10

(1) Hibiscus sabdariffa is tolerant of a variety of soils. In Ceylon it has thrived on heavy loam soils. Laterite soils and soils deficient in humus have proven unsuitable for satisfactory growth. (2) Prefers sandy, loamy and clay soils and requires well-drained soil. Prefers acid, neutra and alkaline soils.

(1) Crane, J. C. (1949). "Roselle: A Potentially Important Plant Fiber." Economic Botany 3(1): 89-103. (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Hibiscus+sabdariffa [Cited 2009 June 26].

4.11

(1) Annual or perennial herb.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

4.12

No evidence

5.01

(1) Terrestrial herb.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

5.02

(1) Malvaceae

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

5.03

(1) Herbaceous

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

5.04

(1) Annual herb, no underground storage organs.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Planting may be done by broadcasting, seeding in rows or drilling.

(1) Crane, J. C. (1949). "Roselle: A Potentially Important Plant Fiber." Economic Botany 3(1): 89-103.

6.03

(1) The original fiber type introduced into world agriculture Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissma seems to have come to the Philippines from the Gold Coast. Herbarium specimens show that similar forms had been introduced into Brazil early in the 19th Century. The appearance of the 'altissima' cultivars suggest that they may have acquired some of their characteristics through hybridization with some other species, possibly H. asper or H. meeusei. (2) The natural outcrossing rates in the green and red types of Hybiscus sabdariffa in Jamaica ranged from 0.20 to 0.68%. In India the rate of natural outcrossing was reported as 0.23%.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91. (2) Vaidya K.R. 2000. Natural cross-pollination in roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae). Gentet. Mol. Biol. 23 (3):

6.04

(1) Hibiscus sabdariffa is an inbreeder. It was observed that in the inbreeding species of this study, the anthers abutted on the stigma in the flower bud before anthesis. This arrangement gives self-pollen a head-start advantage in the race for the fertilization of the ovules. (2)The flower are up to 6 cm dia., pale yellow with a reddish-brown center and reported to be self-pollinated. (3)Some other rates of natural crossing in predominantly autogamous plants are 1-3% in Lactuca sativa in California, 0.15-11.5% in Lactuca sativa in England, and 0.2% in Hibiscus sabdariffa [predominantly autogamous = self-fertilizing]

(1) Akpan G.A. 200. Cytogentic characteristics and the breeding system in six Hibiscus species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100:315-318. (2)Jones, M. 1994. Flowering plants of the Gambia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. (3)Grant, V. 1975. Genetics of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York.

6.05

(1) Pollinated by insects.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Hibiscus+sabdariffa [Cited 2009 June 26].

6.06

(1) Propagated by seed.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Hibiscus+sabdariffa [Cited 2009 June 26].

6.07

(1) Slow growth rate. It requires 180 days to produce a satisfactory crop of fiber. (2) Hibiscus sabdariffa exhibits marked photoperiodism. When the length of daily illumination was shortened to 11 hours, plants developed buds four weeks after planting, produced large red fruit in ten weeks and matured fruit in 14 weeks. When plants were given a daily illumination of 13.5 hours for 5.5 months none showed a tendency to blossom. Annual.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91. (2) Crane, J. C. (1949). "Roselle: A Potentially Important Plant Fiber." Economic Botany 3(1): 89-103.

7.01

Not likely to be dispersed unintentionally.

7.02

(1) Widely cultivated. Probable origin tropical Africa. (2) Two types of Hibiscus sabdariffa (green and red types) are used extensively in Senegal. It is an important agricultural crop and the dried calyxes are exported to the United States and Europe.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 [Cited 2009 June 23]. (2) Cisse M., Dornier M., Sakho M., Diop C.M., Reynes M., Sock O. 2009. Bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) production in Senegal production area. Fruits (Paris). 64 (2):111-124.

7.03

Not likely, although Hibiscus sabdariffa is widely cultivated for fiber and medicinal uses. (1)The seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa are eaten or ground into meal; the leaves and shoots are eaten; the fleshy fruiting calyces are used in jellies and confections; the juice is expressed and made into fresh or fermented drink. Various parts of the plant are used as medicines for humans and animals; the fiber types are used as jute substitutes. (2) The fresh calyxes if Hibiscus sabdariffa are eaten in West Africa.

(1) Wilson, F. D. and M. Y. Menzel (1964). "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)." Economic Botany 18(1): 80-91. (2) Irvine, F. R. (1952). "Supplementary and Emergency Food Plants of West Africa." Economic Botany 6(1): 23-40.

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Capsule 1.5-2 cm long, c. 1 cm across, conical, beaked, appressed-setose. Seeds many, 2-3 mm long,

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

7.05

No adaptation for water dispersal. (1) Capsule 1.5-2 cm long, c. 1 cm across, conical, beaked, appressed-setose. Seeds many, 2-3 mm long,

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

7.06

(1)Disturbed areas, riparian habitats and Eucalyptus savanna. A native of Africa it is now widespread in most tropical countries. Naturalised from Darwin to the Katherine region and across the north of Western Australia. It is not particularly invasive in Queensland as yet. Seed is dispersed when eaten by birds and animals and expelled. Spread intentional as a cultivated ornamental and food plant. Competes with native species. (2)The fruiting calyx becomes red and fleshy and has been used as 'filler' for jam. It is a garden escape, occurring as a weed of wasteland, creeks and river edges in the Kimberly.

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia: a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Australia. (2)Hussey, B. M. J., G. J. Keighery, J. Dodd, S. G. Lloyd and R. D. Cousens. 2007. Western Weeds. A Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia. Second Edition. The Weed Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, WA.

7.07

No adaptation for external attachment. (1) Capsule 1.5-2 cm long, c. 1 cm across, conical, beaked, appressed-setose. Seeds many, 2-3 mm long,

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200013718 [Cited 2009 June 26]'

7.08

(1)It is not particularly invasive in Queensland as yet. Seed is dispersed when eaten by birds and animals and expelled.

(1)Smith, N. M. 2002. Weeds of the wet/dry tropics of Australia: a field guide. Environment Centre NT, Australia.

8.01

varieties of sabdariffa have 50 to 100 capsules per plant and each capsules possesses 15 to 20 seeds in it. [a plant covers ~1 meter square, so it is borderline]

http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Mesta.pdf

8.02

(1)Seeds with 8 percent moisture content can retain viability for more than five to six years if stored upto 10°C temperature. [lab conditions but might also form seedbank in field]

(1)http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Mesta.pdf

8.03

Unknown. No evidence of control.

8.04

(1)crop must be replanted every year after aboveground harvesting [regrowth from roots inadequate for harvest]

(1) http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/Mesta.pdf [Cited 2009 Sept 25].

8.05

Unknown