Hibiscus immaculatus Common names - Koki'o Ke'oke'o, Hau Hele, Hawaiian White Hibiscus, Koki'o Kea, O'ahu White Hibiscus, Pamakani, [Accepted Name(s): Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus (Roe) D. Bates Synomym- Hibiscus immaculatus] Family- Malvaceae

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

-3

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence

1.02

Introduced to Australia. No evidence of naturalization.

http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n16P2.htm

1.03

"Hibiscus arnottianus includes three main variants: Subspecies arnottianus [Syn: H. arnottianus f. parviflorus Skottsber], … Subspecies immaculatus (M.J.Roe) D. M. Bates [Syn: H. immaculatus], a State and Federally listed endangered taxon from Molokai, is cultivated as 'Molokai White' and 'Nuuanu white' and has pure white flowers. Finally subspecies punaluuensis (Skottsberg) D.M. Bates [Sun: H. punaluuensis (Skotsberg) O.I. Degener, ..." [No evidence of these subspecies being weedy].

Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 388

2.01

2.02

No evidence of the species being introduced outside of its native range.

2.03

H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is found in mesic to wet forests at about 300 to 800 meters elevation

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=9614

2.04

2.05

Introduced to Australia. No evidence of naturalization.

http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n16P2.htm

3.01

Introduced to Australia. No evidence of naturalization.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

"Status: Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus found only in four populations on the Island of Moloka'i. It is considered to be the rarest of all of the Hibiscus species and is listed as an endangered species."

http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plantresource_new3.php?rid=235&plant=6102

3.05

(1)Abelmoschus moschatus (herb, shrub) Synonyms: Hibiscus abelmoschus L.
Abelmoschus moschatus is a weedy, herbaceous plant that is native to India, parts of China and tropical Asia, and some Pacific islands. It is cultivated in India for the musk-like oil contained in its seeds, which is valued for perfume manufacture. Considered a weed in open and disturbed areas. It has been found to be a suitable host plant for the insect Dysdercus cingulatus, which is a serious pest of cotton crops.
Common Names: `aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki. (2)Hibiscus trionum is a weed in gardens and croplands.
(3)H. obtusilobus is a principal weed in Sudan. H. esculantus is a principal weed in India, Nigeria and Turkey.

(1)http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&sn=Hibiscus&rn=&hci=-1&ei=-1&x=25&y=8 (2)Lorenzi, J Harri and Jeffery S. Larry. Weeds of the United States and their Control. Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York. Page 208

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=9614

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

"Threats to Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus include the destruction of habitat by feral goats … " [Susceptibility to damage by goats suggests that the speceis is palatable].

http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plantresource_new3.php?rid=192&plant=6102

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence of associated pests or pathogens.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is found in mesic to wet forests at about 300 to 800 meters elevation. [Probably not - grows in mesic to wet habitats].

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=9614

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure:Full Sun (2)"Hibiscus arnottianus is found in dry to wet forest areas at 300 m - 800 m (1000-2500 ft) elevation. It grows best under filtered shade in moist, well drained soils, but it will tolerate full sun (W10). Although this plant will thrive in partially shaded areas, for at least the subspecies immaculatus, it will bloom more in full sun."

(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/44153/index.html (2)http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n16P2.htm

4.1

(1)Soil pH requirements:
6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)
6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)
7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)

http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/44153/index.html

4.11

Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is a shrub or small tree generally 8 meters in height, though individuals may reach 10 meters tall.

http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plantresource_new3.php?rid=235&plant=6102

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

Hibiscus arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is a shrub or small tree generally 8 meters in height, though individuals may reach 10 meters tall.

http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plantresource_new3.php?rid=235&plant=6102

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

"This taxon was observed in flower during July. Currently, no additional life history information is available for this species (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000)."

http://www.fws.gov/endangered/federalregister/2002/S020405A.HTML

6.02

"Hibiscus arnottianus is easy to grow from fresh seed … Koob writes that the seeds generally sprout in 2 to 3 weeks. NTBG says that germination generally occurs in 3 to 9 days."

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

6.03

(1)"Hibiscus arnottianus is easy to grow from fresh seed, but it hybridizes easily and the seedlings may differ from the parent plant. To ensure that the seedlings are not hybrids, hand pollinate the flowers. Using a paint brush, transfer pollen to the stigma of the flower and then enclose the flower in a bag until the seed capsule ripens. Bornhorst recommends hand pollination in the early morning." [No evidence of natural hybrids may be because the natural range does not overlap with other Hibiscus species - the occurrence of spontaneous hybrids with other Hibiscus species under cultivation was grounds for answering 'yes']. (2)"She continued that large scale interest took off around the turn of the century, and by 1911 there was a Hawaiian Hibiscus Society, with several thousand hybrids displayed at the first show. Native Hawaiian hibiscus such as H. kokio (koki'o 'ula'ula) and several varieties of native Hawaiian whites (Koki'o ke'oke'o) were often used as parents, crossing with plants introduced from othe

(1)http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm (2)http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n16P2.htm

6.04

"H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is a hermaphrodite that is insect-pollinated."

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=9614

6.05

"H. arnottianus subsp. immaculatus is a hermaphrodite that is insect-pollinated."

http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=9614

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

"This taxon was observed in flower during July. Currently, no additional life history information is available for this species (Service 1996a; HINHP Database 2000)."

http://www.fws.gov/endangered/federalregister/2002/S020405A.HTML

7.01

Probably not - an endangered speceis - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

An ornamental hibiscus valued for its white flowers.

Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 388.

7.03

Probably not - an endangered species - no evidence that the plants occur or are planted near fields of produce crops.

7.04

"The seeds of Hibiscus arnottianus are contained in papery 1/2 to 1 inch capsules which are tanor brown colored when ripe. The capsules split open when mature and the seeds fall to the ground. The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown." [Probably dispersed by gravity].

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

7.05

"The seeds of Hibiscus arnottianus are contained in papery 1/2 to 1 inch capsules which are tanor brown colored when ripe. The capsules split open when mature and the seeds fall to the ground. The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown." [Probably dispersed by gravity].

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

7.06

"The seeds of Hibiscus arnottianus are contained in papery 1/2 to 1 inch capsules which are tanor brown colored when ripe. The capsules split open when mature and the seeds fall to the ground. The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown." [Probably dispersed by gravity].

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

7.07

"The seeds of Hibiscus arnottianus are contained in papery 1/2 to 1 inch capsules which are tanor brown colored when ripe. The capsules split open when mature and the seeds fall to the ground. The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown." [Probably dispersed by gravity - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment].

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

7.08

Probably not - dispersed by gravity - no evidence of ingestion by ungulates.

8.01

Probably not - seeds relatively large - 'The fuzzy seeds are 1/8 inch long and yellowish brown.'

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/hib-arno.htm

8.02

No evidence regarding longevity of seeds under field conditions.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

"The two-day blooms are produced freely on short spurs from older wood and so it is best left unpruned. However, a severe pruning, about halfway, in spring every four to five years is recommended to keep the plant healthy and in a good shape."

http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/hiv1n16P2.htm

8.05

Don’t know.