Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Hernandia ovigera (H. peltata Meissn.); Jack In The Box Tree, hernandia, sea cups

Answer

1.01

synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq.; Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Notes

Source

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1) List of countries with natural populations
Asia
Indonesia
Oceania
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
(2) Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Tropical: Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
Pacific: Solomon Islands
Other: Marianas I., Woodlark I.

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Hernandia+ovigera+ (29 October 2003)

2.02

2.03

(1) List of countries with natural populations
Asia
Indonesia
Oceania
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
(2) Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Tropical: Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
Pacific: Solomon Islands
Other: Marianas I., Woodlark I.
[tropical only] [low elevation seashore plant]

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Hernandia+ovigera+ (29 October 2003)

2.04

(1) List of countries with natural populations
Asia
Indonesia
Oceania
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
(2) Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Tropical: Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
Pacific: Solomon Islands
Other: Marianas I., Woodlark I.

(1) CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Hernandia+ovigera+ (29 October 2003)

2.05

no evidence

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

none of there traits found

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/hernandi.htm

4.02

"Inhibitory activity of podophyllotoxin and matairesinol-derivative lignans [from Hernandia ovigera seeds] on the root growth of Brassica campestris ." [seed extracts are irrelevant]

Arimoto, I.; Matsuura, S.; Muro, C.; Tsujibo, H.; Matsumura, E.; Yamaguchi, H.; Inamori, Y. (1994) Inhibitory activity of podophyllotoxin and matairesinol-derivative lignans [from Hernandia ovigera seeds] on the root growth of Brassica campestris . Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 1994, Vol.58, No.1, pp.189-190, 11 ref.

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

(1) The seed is a skin irritant (Uhe 1974). [vague; no documentation of problems in humans] (2) Burkill reports that the leaves and seeds, when eaten, cause purging and dizziness. [no evidence that they are accidentally eaten]

(1) http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/BotDermFolder/BotDermH/HERN.html (2) http://bpi.da.gov.ph/websitemedicinal/all/k/koron-koron.htm

4.08

leathery evergreen leaves, single trunk tree - probably not high flammability

http://www.nextharvest.com/tropical.htm

4.09

"Deeper plateau and terrace soils evergreen rainforest – typically atoll evergreen rainforest with emergent trees to 45m and the habitat for the Abbott’s Booby. Typical emergent species are Syzygium nervosum,Ficus microcarpa, Planchonella nitida and Hernandia ovigera.The upper canopy is comprised of Barringtonia racemosa, Inocarpusfagifer, Cryptocarya nitens, Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum andTristiropsis acutangula. The understorey is composed of Arenga listeri,Pandanus elatus, Leea angulata, Ochrosia ackeringae, Pisoniaumbellifera and various shrubs and ferns." [probably yes, an emergent rainforest species]

http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/pubs/cimp2.pdf

4.1

no evidence [seashore plant, so likely to tolerate sand and salt]

4.11

tree

4.12

no evidence

http://www.deh.gov.au/parks/publications/pubs/cimp2.pdf

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Hernandiaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

seeds are saled for planting

http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/a1.asp?title=Plants+of+Asia+South+East&list=104 (2) http://www.banana-tree.com/catalog.cfm?category=12

6.03

no evidence

6.04

In the genus Hernandia - 'Flowers unisexual, monoecious, pedicellate, ternately involucrate at ends of branches of a lax panicle; …'

http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume07/Hernandiaceae-AGH_coauthoring.htm

6.05

simple open flowers typical of insect pollination

6.06

no evidence [an emergent rainforest tree]

6.07

don't know

7.01

The fruit is ellipsoid or somewhat rounded and 1.5 to 3 centimeters long. The involucre is greatly enlarged. [large-sized fruit]

7.02

seeds are for sale

http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/a1.asp?title=Plants+of+Asia+South+East&list=104 (2) http://www.banana-tree.com/catalog.cfm?category=12

7.03

The fruit is ellipsoid or somewhat rounded and 1.5 to 3 centimeters long. The involucre is greatly enlarged. [large-sized fruit]

7.04

The fruit is ellipsoid or somewhat rounded and 1.5 to 3 centimeters long. The involucre is greatly enlarged. [large-sized fruit]

http://bpi.da.gov.ph/websitemedicinal/all/k/koron-koron.htm

7.05

AB: The species composition of stranded seeds and fruits drifted by ocean currents to Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, was investigated using frequent visual searches along the strand line of the island's few accessible beaches over a 4-year period 1988-92, with most effort concentrated on Greta Beach, on the east coast. The collection contained sixty-three species in forty-nine genera and twenty-nine families. Leguminous seeds were by far the most common (especially Caesalpinia bonduc , Dioclea spp., Entada spp., Erythrina spp. and Mucuna gigantea ), but Calophyllum inophyllum , Guettarda speciosa , Hernandia ovigera , Heritiera littoralis and Terminalia catappa were also common.

ET: Greta's garbo: stranded seeds and fruits from Greta Beach, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.
AU: Green, P. T.
AA: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
SO: Journal of Biogeography, 1999, Vol.26, No.5, pp.937-946, 45 ref.

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no known structure for attachment

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

The fruit is ellipsoid or somewhat rounded and 1.5 to 3 centimeters long. The involucre is greatly enlarged. [large-sized fruit with a single seed]

http://bpi.da.gov.ph/websitemedicinal/all/k/koron-koron.htm

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence