Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Heritiera littoralis (syn. H. minor); looking-glass tree, puzzle fruit, dungun

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312769 (28 October 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar [coasts]; Mozambique [coast]; Tanzania [coast]
Asia-Temperate: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Taiwan [tropical-subtropical]
Asia-Tropical: Cambodia [coasts]; India [coasts]; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar [coasts]; Philippines; Thailand [coasts]; Vietnam [coasts]
Australasia: Australia [coasts]
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; New Caledonia; Tonga
Other: naturalized elsewhere in Oceania

1.03

no evidence

2.01

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries with natural populations
Asia
Asia (as a whole)
Cambodia
[China] Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Africa
Africa (as a whole)
Madagascar
Mozambique
Tanzania
Oceania Australia

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312769 (28 October 2003) (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/fishweb/2623.html (3)http://www.ecoport.org/

(1)Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar [coasts]; Mozambique [coast]; Tanzania [coast]
Asia-Temperate: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Taiwan [tropical-subtropical]
Asia-Tropical: Cambodia [coasts]; India [coasts]; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar [coasts]; Philippines; Thailand [coasts]; Vietnam [coasts]
Australasia: Australia [coasts]
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; New Caledonia; Tonga
Other: naturalized elsewhere in Oceania
(2)restricted to Landward zone of mangrove habitats
(3)They grow on sandy and rocky coasts. They occur up to 50 m altitude.

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312769 (28 October 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: Madagascar [coasts]; Mozambique [coast]; Tanzania [coast]
Asia-Temperate: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Taiwan [tropical-subtropical]
Asia-Tropical: Cambodia [coasts]; India [coasts]; Indonesia; Malaysia; Myanmar [coasts]; Philippines; Thailand [coasts]; Vietnam [coasts]
Australasia: Australia [coasts]
Pacific: Fiji; Micronesia; New Caledonia; Tonga
Other: naturalized elsewhere in Oceania

2.05

(1) Masuda, T.; Oyama, Y.; Inaba, Y.; Toi, Y.; Arata, T.; Takeda, Y.; Nakamoto, K.; Kuninaga, H.; Nishizato, S.; Nonaka, A. (2002) Antioxidant-related activities of ethanol extracts from edible and medicinal plants cultivated in Okinawa, Japan. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, 2002, Vol.49, No.10, pp.652-661, 22 ref.
(2) http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/L-13.pdf

(1) Japan, (2) Hawaii

3.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Heritiera+littoralis (17 November 2003)

"naturalized elsewhere in Oceania "

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1062.htm

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

not a recognized fodder tree

4.05

Miles, D. H.; Chittawong, V.; Lho, D. S.; Payne, A. M.; Cruz, A. A. de la; Gomez, E. D.; Weeks, J. A.; Atwood, J. L. (1991) Toxicants from mangrove plants, VII. Vallapin and vallapianin, novel sesquiterpene lactones from the mangrove plant Heritiera littoralis. Journal of Natural Products, 1991, Vol.54, No.1, pp.286-289, 10 ref.

AB: This species is used in the Philippines as a fish poison. [no accidental poisoning of animals]

4.06

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

Fungi associated with Heritiera littoralis
Beltraniella portoricensis: Taiwan - a generalist
Cylindrocarpon tenue: Taiwan - [a generalist found on a wide range ofeconomically plants including avocado, tea, guava, cotton and cocoa]
Dictyosporium elegans: Taiwan - saprophytic
Fusariella bizzozeriana: Japan - no economic importance
Hymenochaete perpusilla: Philippines - wood decay fungus
Meliola heritiericola: India - no economic importance
Wiesneriomyces javanicus: Taiwan - a generalist

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/1062.htm

[unlikely, a mangrove species grown in wet habitat], Evergreen mangrove species

4.09

http://www.baobabfarm.com/index_data_en/Science/Paper%20Mangroves.htm

'Of these, Heritiera fittorafis seems to be promising; it grows well even in shade and produces very straight poles; this species was traditionally used for dhow masts.'

4.1

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

heavy, medium, light but deep (> 50 cm) and must be poorly saturated (>50% of year)

4.11

tree

4.12

Chan, H. T. (1989) A note on tree species and productivity of a natural dryland mangrove forest in Matang, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1989, Vol.1, No.4, pp.399-400, 4 ref.

AB: " Common and widespread species (>100 stems/ha) were Rhizophora apiculata, Heritiera littoralis and Ficus microcarpa."

5.01

http://www.specola.unifi.it/mangroves/plants/Heritiera_littoralis.htm

In East-Africa this mangrove tree is commonly found at the most landward fringe of the mangrove, which is flooded by spring or equinoctial high tides, and sometimes even blends with terrestrial vegetation. [wetland not true aquatic vegetation]

5.02

tree; Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

5.03

tree; Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Melana, D. M.; Melana, E. E.; Arroyo, C. A. (1980) Germination study of selected mangrove species. Sylvatrop, 1980, Vol.5, No.3, pp.207-211, 4 ref.

Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. sexangula, B. gymnorrhiza, Avicennia officinalis, A. alba and Heritiera littoralis. [Probably yes - mangroves have viviparous germination]

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

no evidence

6.06

no evidence

6.07

http://www.uog.edu/cals/site/POG/herit.html

(1)This is a medium to large buttressed tree (2)The wood is very hard. [implies slow growth; minimum estimate for a large slow growing tree]

7.01

not likely with such large-sized fruit

7.02

7.03

not likely with such large-sized fruit

7.04

large fruit

7.05

(2)Stieglitz, T.; Ridd, P. V. (2001) Trapping of mangrove propagules due to density-driven secondary circulation in the Normanby River estuary, NE Australia. Marine Ecology, Progress Series, 2001, Vol.211, pp.131-142, 35 ref. (2)http://www.uog.edu/cals/site/POG/herit.html

(1)"This displacement effect occurs throughout the tropical dry season. Buoyant propagules of Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus mekongensis and Heritiera littoralis have been found to be transported upstream at a speed comparable to a net average speed of 3.2 km day-1, found in a drift-drogue experiment." (2)The floating seed provides its means of dispersal.

7.06

woody fruit

7.07

no evidence of any attching structure

7.08

no evidence of being ingested

8.01

http://www.specola.unifi.it/mangroves/plants/Heritiera_littoralis.htm

Diaspore: one-seeded fruit (5-10 cm) [large diaspore]

8.02

Germination study of selected mangrove species.
AU: Melana, D. M.; Melana, E. E.; Arroyo, C. A.
AA: Mangrove Research Center, Forest Research Institute, Talipan, Pagbilao, Quezon 3928, Philippines.
SO: Sylvatrop, 1980, Vol.5, No.3, pp.207-211, 4 ref.
Location: UH Manoa: Hamilton Main-Library Use Only
Call Number: SD93 .P54
AB: Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. sexangula, B. gymnorrhiza, Avicennia officinalis, A. alba and Heritiera littoralis.

A mangrove species - the seeds germinate on the mother plant. [viviparous, no soil seed bank]

8.03

no evidence of being controlled

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence