Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. var. aurantiaca (Baker) M. Hotta Family - Liliaceae (Xanthorrhoeaceae). Common Names(s) - day lily, chang lu xuan cao. Synonym(s) - Hemerocallis aurantiaca Baker (basionym)

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence. [although over 20,000 cultivars have been developed from this genus] (1) "There are about 15 species of Hemerocallis, all native to temperate regions of eastern Asia.They were cultivated in China and Japan for centuries and had undergone considerable artificial selection and hybridization before being desribed botanically. This long history makes it particularly difficult to classify modern daylilies since few modern cultivars are derived from pure species. Plants grown in Hawaii are mostly of hybrid origin, making it impossible to assign them accurtely to a particular species. (2) The name Hemerocallis aurantiaca was given by Baker in 1890 to a plant that was then growing in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England. The origin of this plant was not definitely known except that it was believed that it had been propagated in Japan. This plant was propagated by division to give a clone of plants now in cultivation in Europe and America under the name Hemerocallis aurantiaca.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native distribution: Asia-Temperate: China- Guangdong, Guangxi; Japan - Kyushu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409647#syn [Cited 2010 March 15].

2.02

(1) Native distribution: Asia-Temperate: China- Guangdong, Guangxi; Japan - Kyushu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409647#syn [Cited 2010 March 15].

2.03

(1) USDA zones: 4a-10b.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56569/ [Cited 2010 March 16].

2.04

(1) Native distribution: Asia-Temperate: China- Guangdong, Guangxi; Japan - Kyushu

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409647#syn [Cited 2010 March 15].

2.05

(1) Clones of Hemerocallis aurantiaca were propagated from a plant growing at the botanic garden in Kew, England and cultivated in England and America. (2) Hybrids and cultivars of Hemerocallis aurantiaca are grown in Hawaii.

(1) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. [introductions are limited]

3.01

(1) No evidence of naturalization.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 16]

3.02

(1) No evidence of weediness.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 16]

3.03

(1) No evidence of weediness.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 16]

3.04

(1) No evidence of weediness.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameh.htm [Cited 2010 March 16]

3.05

(1) Hemerocallis fulva "is a popular ornamental that has escaped to invade natural and disturbed areas throughout the United States. Plants are 2-4 ft. (0.6-1.2 m) tall with round stems. Orange daylily infestations often occur adjacent to plantings or at old homesites. Areas invaded include meadows, forests, floodplains, ditches, and forest edges. Once established, the thick tubers make control difficult. Orange daylily is native to Asia and was introduced into the United States in the late 19th century as an ornamental."

(1) http://www.invasive.org/species/subject.cfm?sub=3407 [Cited 2010 March 15].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) Hemerocallis spp. Are deer resistant. (2) Several Hemerocallis spp. were tested over a three-year period for their palatability to deer. All species were heavily browsed. (3) Hemerocallis spp. Are rated as occasional severe browsing.

(1) http://www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/features/section3/deer_plants/deerplants.htm [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://www.gardeningindeercountry.com/plant-table.php [Cited 2010 March 16]. (3) http://njaes.rutgers.edu/deerresistance/default.asp?search=Hemerocallis&submit=Search [Cited 2010 March 16].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 16].

4.06

(1) Hemerocallis spp. Are seldom attacked by insects and diseases. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, long-horned weevil, cutworms, and rust have been reported to damage Hemerocallis spp.

Smith, F.F., 1968. Insects and related pests of daylilies. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. Darrow. G.M., Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

4.07

(1) The leaves and young shoots are edible when cooked. The flowers and flower buds are edible raw or cooked.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+aurantiaca [Cited 2010 March 15].

4.08

(1) Herbaceous perennial.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.09

(1) Can grow in semi-shade or no shade. (2) Full sun, sun to partial shade.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+aurantiaca [Cited 2010 March 15]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56569/ [Cited 2010 March 16].

4.10

(1) Prefers sandy, loamy, clay soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. Prefers acid, neutral and alkaline soils. (2) Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic), 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral), 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+aurantiaca [Cited 2010 March 15]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56569/ [Cited 2010 March 16].

4.11

(1) Evergreen herb; Lvs 24-30" x 1".

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Liliaceae.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Herbaceous.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) As a rule the roots of Hemerocallis spp. Are tapering, spindle-shaped swellings. [genus description]

(1) Erhardt, W., 1992. Hemerocallis Day Lilies. Timber Press, Portland.

6.01

Unknown (1) "There are about 15 species of Hemerocallis, all native to temperate regions of eastern Asia. They were cultivated in China and Japan for centuries and had undergone considerable artificial selection and hybridization before being described botanically. This long history makes it particularly difficult to classify modern daylilies since few modern cultivars are derived from pure species. (2) The name Hemerocallis aurantiaca was given by Baker in 1890 to a plant that was then growing in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England. The origin of this plant was not definitely known except that it was believed that it had been propagated in Japan. This plant was propagated by division to give a clone of plants now in cultivation in Europe and America under the name Hemerocallis aurantiaca.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

6.02

(1) Propagated by dividing the rootball. (2) Propagation is usually by division to preserve the desirable characteristics of the strain; seeds are generally started only by breeders because of the high degree of variability in the offspring. (3) Hemerocallis spp. are propagated by seed and vegetatively. (4) The scapes of Hemerocallis spp. have bracts. Tiny plantlets called proliferations develop in these scapes.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56569/ [Cited 2010 March 16]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3) Benzinger, F.M. 1968. Propagation of Daylilies In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.  (4) Erhardt, W., 1992. Hemerocallis Day Lilies. Timber Press, Portland.

6.03

(1) "Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus" (2) Most Hemerocallis species cross naturally, yielding fertile hybrids.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+aurantiaca [Cited 2010 March 15]. (2) The Daylily: a Guide for Gardeners. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TA-lXxQAdcMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&dq=Hemerocallis+aurantiaca+%2B+%22seed%22&ots=NEO0nWfkdN&sig=
E_mTCD0rfUtOJgRGRenLeMlAueI#v=onepage&q=Hemerocallis%20aurantiaca%20%2B%20%22seed%22&f=false

6.04

(1) Not self-fertile.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+aurantiaca [Cited 2010 March 15].

6.05

Unknown

6.06

(1) As a rule the roots of Hemerocallis spp. Are tapering, spindle-shaped swellings. [genus description] (2) A rather vigorous natural propagation by the extension of the underground branches is characteristic of Hemerocallis spp.

(1) Erhardt, W., 1992. Hemerocallis Day Lilies. Timber Press, Portland. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

6.07

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are propagated by seed and vegetatively. From seed, flowering plants can be produced in one year in the South or two years in the North (USA). Divisions or ramets flower the first year if planted sufficiently early in the year.

(1) Benzinger, 1968. Propagation of Daylilies In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

7.01

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [not grown in heavily trafficked areas]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.02

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are used as bedding plants or groundcovers in the landscape. (2) H. aurantiaca is the only semi-evergreen species. It is a rarity in gardens and is seldom offered commercially.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.(2) Erhardt, W., 1992. Hemerocallis Day Lilies. Timber Press, Portland.

7.03

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [no evidence of produce contamination]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.04

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [no adaptation for wind dispersal]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.05

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.06

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.07

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [no means of attachment]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.08

Unknown (1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

8.01

(1) Hemerocallis aurantiaca produces six to eight blooms.

(1) Erhardt, W., 1992. Hemerocallis Day Lilies. Timber Press, Portland.

8.02

(1) Viability of Hemerocallis spp. May be high for six months or so, under temperature and humidity conditions found in most homes. After six months viability drops off rapidly

(1) Vothe, P.D., Griesbach, R.A., Yeager, J.R., 1968. Developmental anatomy and physiology of daylily, In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. G.M. Darrow, Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society Inc., Washington D.C.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown