Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. Family - Liliaceae; Xanthorrhoeaceae Common Names(s) - citron day-lily, long yellow day-lily, huang hua cai Synonym(s) - Hemerocallis altissima Stout.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication so that the species now differs substantially from its wild relatives. [However, this species has been used extensively to create hybrids]. (1) Hemerocallis citrina has been employed extensively in breeding. As early as 1903, H. citrina was used as a seed parent in crosses. (2) Hemerocallis citrina has been much hybridized with various other Hemerocallis spp. and especially with Hemerocallis thunbergii. "Several different clones are being distributed under the name H. citrina which differ somewhat, especially in the height of the scapes and in the size of the flower."

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Asia-Temperate: China - Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Monggol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang; Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; Korea

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18853#syn [Cited 2010 March 22].

2.02

(1) Native to Asia-Temperate: China - Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Monggol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang; Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; Korea

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18853#syn [Cited 2010 March 22].

2.03

(1) Habitat: forest margins, grassy fields and slopes along valleys from near sea level to 2000 meters. (2) USDA Hardiness Zones:3a-9b.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53133/ [Cited 2010 March 22].

2.04

(1) No evidence. (2) Native to Asia-Temperate: China - Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Monggol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang; Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku; Korea

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22] (2) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22]

2.05

(1) Hemerocallis citrina was first recorded in American gardens in 1928. It was also introduced to Puerto Rico. (2) Hemerocallis citrina is available from Crocus nursery in the U.K. via the internet. (3) Fairweather Gardens in New Jersey has Hemerocallis citrina for sale via the internet.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) http://www.crocus.co.uk/plants/_/perennials/hemerocallis-citrina-/itemno.PL00003094/ [Cited 2010 March 22]. (3) http://www.fairweathergardens.com/genus.php?type=Perennials&genus=Hemerocallis [Cited 2010 March 10].

3.01

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22]

3.02

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22]

3.03

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22]

3.04

(1) No evidence.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hemerocallis_citrina/ [Cited 2010 March 22]

3.05

(1) Hemerocallis fulva "is a popular ornamental that has escaped to invade natural and disturbed areas throughout the United States. Plants are 2-4 ft. (0.6-1.2 m) tall with round stems. Orange daylily infestations often occur adjacent to plantings or at old homesites. Areas invaded include meadows, forests, floodplains, ditches, and forest edges. Once established, the thick tubers make control difficult. Orange daylily is native to Asia and was introduced into the United States in the late 19th century as an ornamental."

(1) http://www.invasive.org/species/subject.cfm?sub=3407 [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, or burrs.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are deer resistant. (2) Several Hemerocallis spp. were tested over a three-year period for their palatability to deer. All species were heavily browsed. (3) Hemerocallis spp. are rated as occasional severe browsing. [genus descriptions]

(1) http://www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/features/section3/deer_plants/deerplants.htm [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://www.gardeningindeercountry.com/plant-table.php [Cited 2010 March 22]. (3) http://njaes.rutgers.edu/deerresistance/default.asp?search=Hemerocallis&submit=Search [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.06

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are seldom attacked by insects and diseases. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, long-horned weevil, cutworms, and rust have been reported to damage Hemerocallis spp.

(1) Smith, F.F., 1968. Insects and related pests of daylilies. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. Darrow. G.M., Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

4.07

(1) "Leaves and young shoots - cooked. They must be consumed when very young or else they become fibrous. Flowers and flower buds - raw or cooked. The flowers can be dried and used as a thickener in soups etc. The slender trumpets vary from 12 - 17cm long. There can be from 7 to 65 buds on a flowering stem]. The flower buds contain about 43mg vitamin C per 100g, 983 IU vitamin A and 3.1% protein. Root - raw or cooked. The flavour is somewhat radish-like but not so sharp. (2) Cultivated widely in China for its edible flowers.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.08

(1) Herbaceous perennial.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.09

(1) Full sun to part-shade. (2) It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.

(1) http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/PlantFinder/plant.asp?code=D170 [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.10

(1) Hemerocallis citrina occurs in grasslands on rocky seashores or in volcanic areas in its native distribution. (2) "The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils."

(1) Hasegawa, M., Yahara, T., Yasamoto, A., Hotta, M., 2006. Bimodal distribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and night lily (Hemerocallis citrina). Journal of Plant Research 119, 63-68. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22].

4.11

(1) Evergreen herb; lvs 26-30" long.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Liliaceae; Xanthorrhoeaceae

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Herbaceous perennial.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) Evergreen herb; lvs 26-30" long; roots fleshy.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Propagated by seed.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22].

6.03

(1) The purpose of this paper is to describe variability in flowering time in a natural hybrid population of H. citrina and H. fulva. Although hybridization is prevented mainly by the difference of anthesis time in a day, and additionally by slight difference of habitat preference, naturally hybrid populations between these two species have been discovered in several localities including Hirado Island."

(1) Hasegawa, M., Yahara, T., Yasamoto, A., Hotta, M., 2006. Bimodal distribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and night lily (Hemerocallis citrina). Journal of Plant Research 119, 63-68.

6.04

(1) Self-incompatible.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

6.05

(1) Flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths.

(1) Hasegawa, M., Yahara, T., Yasamoto, A., Hotta, M., 2006. Bimodal distribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and night lily (Hemerocallis citrina). Journal of Plant Research 119, 63-68.

6.06

(1) Propagated by seed.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22].

6.07

(1) Hemerocallis spp. are propagated by seed and vegetatively. From seed, flowering plants can be produced in one year in the South or two years in the North (USA). Divisions or ramets flower the first year if planted sufficiently early in the year.

(1) Benzinger, 1968. Propagation of Daylilies In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

7.01

(1) Fruit a 2-angled or 3-winged capsule. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [not grown in heavily trafficked areas]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.02

(1) Cultivated widely in China for its edible flowers.(2) Hemerocallis citrina was first recorded in American gardens in 1928. It was also introduced to Puerto Rico.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hemerocallis+citrina [Cited 2010 March 22]. (2) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C.

7.03

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [not grown with produce]

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.04

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [no adaptation]

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.05

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.06

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.07

(1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. Is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds. [no means of external attachment]

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

7.08

Unknown. (1) Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 1-11/4 in. long, obtuse and notched at the rounded tip. Seeds black, irregularly ribbed, subspherical, 1/8 in. in diameter. (2) The fruit of Hemerocallis spp. is a dry dehiscent capsule of three chambers with numerous black rounded or somewhat angled seeds.

(1) Hu, S.Y. 1968. Species of Hemerocallis. In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. M. Darrow. G.M., F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society, Washington D.C. (2) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

8.01

Unknown.(1) The scapes of Hemerocallis citrina bear numerous flowers. A single scape can have as many as 64 flower buds.

(1) Stout, A.B., 1934. Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New of the Genus Hemerocallis. The Macmillan Company, New York.

8.02

(1) Vothe, P.D., Griesbach, R.A., Yeager, J.R., 1968. Developmental anatomy and physiology of daylily, In Daylily Handbook A Special Issue on Hemerocallis. ed. G.M. Darrow, Meyer, F.G., p. 272. American Horticultural Society Inc., Washington D.C.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown