Heliocarpus popayanensis Kunth. Family - Tiliaceae. Common Names(s) - moho, white moho. Synonym(s) - H. americanus L. var. popayanensis.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)"Southern Mexico to northern Argentina. In Panama, common in secondary growth; known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Colon, and Darien, from premontane wet forest in Cocle, from tropical wet forest in Chiriqui and Darien, and from premontane rain, lower montane wet, and lower montane rain forests in Chiriqui."

(1)Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press. Stanford, CA.

2.02

2.03

(1)A species which extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina and grows usually at altitudes from 500-2,500 m., in secondary forested valleys or on slopes; the local name is majaguillo.(2)In southern Central America and northern South America it is found in highlands above 1000 m. altitude, while in Paraguay and Argentina it is usually at lower elevations. [broad elevational range]

(1)Robyns, A. 1964. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 114. Tiliaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 51(1/4): 1-35. (2)Lay, K. K. 1949. A Revision of the Genus Heliocarpus L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 36(4): 507-541

2.04

(1)'Native from southern Mexico to northern Argentina; in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized in disturbed forest at least on Kauai; at Tantalus and vicinity, Oahu; and Waiakea, Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Widely planted in the Hawaiian Islands, but apparently not elsewhere

(1)Woodcock, D. 2003. To Restore the Watersheds: Early Twentieth-Century Tree Planting in Hawaii. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(3): 624-635.

3.01

(1)Native from southern Mexico to northern Argentina; in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized in disturbed forest at least on Kauai; at Tantalus and vicinity, Oahu; and Waiakea, Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

Invades disturbed sites and has negative environmental impacts [sufficient to answer "yes" to 3.04] (1)Environmental impact: Grows rapidly and spreads readily in disturbed wetter mesic forests.(2)"This fast-growing forestry tree with usually 3-lobed leaves is spread by its wind-dispersed, plumose-bristly fruit. Attempts were made to destroy individual saplings during the survey, but it appears to be expanding its geographic range in gulch bottoms throughout the refuge." (3)early successional, exclusively occurring in light-exposed logged areas, i.e. Heliocarpus popayanensis,

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.(2)Imada, C. and M. LeGrande. 2006. Botanical Inventory of Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge Uplands, Waipio, Oahu. Contribution No. 2006-019 to the Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, HI. (3)Kammesheidt, L. 2000. Some autecological characteristics of early to late successional tree species in Venezuela. Acta Oecologica 21 (1): 37−48.

3.03

No evidence

3.04

(1)The major threats to Cyanea koolauensis are habitat destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing; potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive nonnative plant species Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis (moho)...The major threats to Diellia falcata are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species Aleurites moluccana, Ageratina riparia, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Heliocarpus popayanensis...he major threats to Urera kaalae are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from the nonnative plant species Buddleia asiatica, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayaensis...The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus popayanensis...The primary threats to Schiedea hookeri are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; competition with the nonnative plant species Adiantum hispidulum, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratina riparia, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum appendiculatum, Christella parasitica, Clidemia hirta, Cordyline fruticosa, Grevillea robusta, Heliocarpus popayanensis [listed as a competitor of and primary threat to several endangered plant species]

(1)http://www.fws.gov/policy/library/03-11156.html [Accessed 16 June 2008]

3.05

(1)Heliocarpus appendiculatus listed as a weed [no evidence of impacts or control]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/heliocarpus_appendiculatus/ [Accessed 16 June 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)We investigated the allelopathic potential of leaves of six tropical trees (Jatropha gaumeri, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Sebastiania adenophora, Zuelania guidonia, Zanthoxylum caribaeum and Heliocarpus sp.) from the Ecological Reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Aqueous leachates from dry leaves (1%) were tested in vitro on the root growth of 7 test plants [Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium multiflorum, Zea mays, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Cucurbita pepo (ungerminated and pre-germinated)] and the diameter growth of 3 phytopathogenic fungi [Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Helminthosporium sp]. Aqueous leachates of P. tithymaloides, S. adenophora, Z. caribaeum, J. gaumeri and Heliocarpus sp. were most phytotoxic. S. adenophora and Heliocarpus sp. aqueous leachates inhibited the growth diameter of all phytopathogenic fungi. [no field evidence of allelopathy]

(1)Del Carmen Flores-Carmona María, Cruz-Ortega Rocío, Anaya Ana Luisa. 2008. Allelopathic potential of some tropical trees of Ecological Reserve El Eden, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Allelopathy Journal 21(1):

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)"Apparently this species is not palatable to axis deer, since many seedlings and saplings seemed unbrowsed despite obvious evidence of deer activity in the area."

(1)Oppenheimer, H. 2007. New plant records from Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:17-34.

4.05

No evidence of toxicity in genus

4.06

Unknown

4.07

Unknown [no information on allergic potential]

4.08

(1)Its response to fire is unknown [unlikely it would carry fire in Hawaiian wet forests] (2)It is abundant in rain or cloud forests or on the edges of forests at stream sides. [unlikely to create a fire hazard in wet forest habitats]

(1)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/hel_pop.htm [Accessed 17 June 2008] (2)Lay, K. K. 1949. A Revision of the Genus Heliocarpus L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 36(4): 507-541.

4.09

(1)"frequents steep slopes in forested river valleys, thickets, or in sunny bushy slopes, usually in second growth or cut-over forests." [adapted to forest gaps and open, disturbed areas] (2)Ravine Shade Intolerant

(1)Lay, K. K. 1949. A Revision of the Genus Heliocarpus L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 36(4): 507-541. (2)Lawton, R. O. 1984. Ecological Constraints on Wood Density in a Tropical Montane Rain Forest. American Journal of Botany 71(2): 261-267.

4.10

Widespread distribution suggests tree will tolerate several soil types in Hawaii. (1)Although not much grown in hime gardens, moho trees grow in public parks, on school campuses, and along roadsides where gardeners, hikers, and other find them from time to time." (2)Native from southern Mexico to northern Argentina; in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized in disturbed forest at least on Kauai; at Tantalus and vicinity, Oahu; and Waiakea, Hawaii.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.11

A tree

4.12

Possibly (1)Despite widespread planting and invasion into native habitats, no information or documentation exists of dense stand formation in the Hawaiian Islands

(1)Woodcock, D. 2003. To Restore the Watersheds: Early Twentieth-Century Tree Planting in Hawaii. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(3): 624-635.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Tiliaceae

5.03

Tiliaceae

5.04

Tree - Tiliaceae

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)"This fast-growing forestry tree with usually 3-lobed leaves is spread by its wind-dispersed, plumose-bristly fruit. Attempts were made to destroy individual saplings during the survey, but it appears to be expanding its geographic range in gulch bottoms throughout the refuge."

(1)Imada, C. and M. LeGrande. 2006. Botanical Inventory of Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge Uplands, Waipio, Oahu. Contribution No. 2006-019 to the Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, HI.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Flowers perfect and pistillate (2)The small flowers, with various types of nectaries and often also a strong scent, are adapted for insect pollinators (frequently various bees and flies). [Tiliaceae family description]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.(2)Zomlefer, W. B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

Unknown [no information on vegetative growth]

6.07

(1)Grows rapidly and spreads readily in disturbed wetter mesic forests [probably <4 years]

(1)Motooka, P., L. Castro, D. Nelson, G. Nagai and L. Ching. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii‘s Pastures and Natural Areas; An Identification and Management Guide. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

7.01

No means of attachment

7.02

At one time widely planted, but no ornamental or commercial uses listed at present

7.03

Not grown with commercial crops

7.04

(1)"This fast-growing forestry tree with usually 3-lobed leaves is spread by its wind-dispersed, plumose-bristly fruit." (2)Whereas stands originating in herbaceous fields were dominated by wind-dispersed native species such as Heliocarpus popayanensis, Tecoma starts, Parapiptadenia excelsa, and Tipuana tipu,

(1)Imada, C. and M. LeGrande. 2006. Botanical Inventory of Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge Uplands, Waipio, Oahu. Contribution No. 2006-019 to the Hawaii Biological Survey. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, HI.(2)Grau, H. R., M.F. Arturi, A .D. Brown and P.G. Acefiolaza. 1997. Floristic and structural patterns along a chronosequence of secondary forest succession in Argentinean subtropical montane forests. Forest Ecology and Management 95: 161-171.

7.05

(1)It is abundant in rain or cloud forests or on the edges of forests at stream sides. [seeds probably water dispersed]

(1)Lay, K. K. 1949. A Revision of the Genus Heliocarpus L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 36(4): 507-541.

7.06

Not fleshy-fruited (1)"Fruit a capsule" with "plumose bristles" [seeds wind-dispersed]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.07

No means of attachment

7.08

Unknown [no information on seed passage or viability]

8.01

(1)"Flowers perfect and pistillate, 12-20 usually in terminal cymes" [species desciption]…"seed (1)2(3)" per fruit [unlikely based on inflorescence and seed number per fruit]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

Unknown (1)While pioneer species such as Cecropia, Goethalsia meiantha (Donn. Sm.) Burret, Hampea platanifolia, Heliocarpus appendiculatus, and H. americanus form seed banks on the forest floor, the species with recalcitrant seeds form seedling banks. [H. popayanensis with similar seeds and ecology as a pioneer species probably forms a seed bank]

(1)http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/pdf.2005-01-11.3540473580/file [Accessed 17 June 2008]

8.03

(1)E-Z Ject spring action ‘guns’ are another method of injection. They deliver premeasured glyphosate in .22 caliber brass shells. For large, soft bark trees such as White Moho (Heliocarpus popoyanensis), the E-Z Ject guns are useful. However, the brass shells remaining in the trunks of trees could pose a hazard to individuals attempting to chainsaw stumps in the future. [no information on whether or not species is well controlled]

(1)Sailer, D. 2006. I Ho΄ōla I Ka Nahele: To Heal A Forest A Mesic Forest Restoration Guide for Hawai`i. Available from http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/DPW.htm [Accessed 16 June 2008]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown