Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Harpullia pendula; tulipwood

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18258 (07 June 2002)

Distributional range:Native: Australasia: Australia - New South Wales, Queensland

2.02

2.03

Stanly and Ross. Flora of South-eastern Queensland.

Depauperate forest, usually along creek banks [native habitat]

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18258 (07 June 2002)

Distributional range:Native: Australasia: Australia - New South Wales, Queensland

2.05

(1)Carr, G.D. (2001) Manoa Campus Plants. A webpage. Available at <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/160webindex.htm> (2)http://www.coralsprings.org/neighborhoods/plant_shade.htm (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

(1)Hawai‘i (2)Florida (3)Peru

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Coile, N.C. (2001) Botany Section, Tri-ology Technical Report, Vol. 40, No. 2
Available at: <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/01-mar-apr.htm>

"Tree to 15 m tall, with weeping branches and rough bark. Leaves evergreen, alternate, compound with 8 to 10 leaflets which are 4-11 cm long and 2-4 cm wide, glabrous, glossy. Inflorescence is a terminal drooping panicle with tiny yellowish green flowers. Bladder-like fruits are hollow, woody, with two joined parts each containing a red seed which matures to a glossy black. "

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

unlikely, lush-growing single-trunked tree

4.09

Alstonville Tree Farm. <http://www.treefarm.com.au/Harpullia_pendula_x.htm>

"Site: open and sunny"

4.1

(1)Brisbane City Council.Directory: Home\Your Home & Garden\Your Yard \Free Trees\Planting Guide\ Plant Species Available - Medium Trees <http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/home_garden/your_yard/
free_trees/planting_guide/plant_species_available/medium.shtml> (2)http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/vegetation/V57.pdf

(1)"It requires good soil, mulch and moisture to grow to between five and eight metres with a span of up to five metres." (2)Tolerates heavy clay soils

4.11

Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm>

"medium tree to 20 m"

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Sapindaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm>

"Sedds shouls be soaked before sowing, and germinate easily."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm>

"Separate male and female flowers on same plant."

6.05

based on simple, open floral mophology (white, no corolla tube, exposed anthers and stigma), suggests bee pollination

6.06

no evidence

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm>

"This species is widely cultivated as an oramental shade tree." [in Australia]

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm>

"Fruit: a capsule, yelllow to orange/red, 2-lobed, seeds 2-4, blackish, ovoid."

7.05

Stanly and Ross. Flora of South-eastern Queensland.

Depauperate forest, usually along creek banks [native habitat]

7.06

http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/tree/T43.pdf

Not listed among "Australian trees attractive to birds"

7.07

shiny black seeds, no means of attachment.

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Carr, G.D. (2001) Manoa Campus Plants. A webpage. Available at <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/160webindex.htm>

"reddish or orange, 2-lobed fruits that split open to reveal a single shiny black seed about 1 cm in diameter in each lobe." [few large seeds in each fruit]

8.02

(1)Hauser, J. and J. Blok (2000) Fragments of Green - An Identification Field Guide for Rainforest Plants of the Greater Brisbane Region to the Border Ranges 2nd edition. Australian Rainforest Conservation Society, Bardon, Australia. 440pp. p.417. Also available at <https://secure1.gil.com.au/securerain/fog_fullsize.htm> (2)http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/vegetation/V39.pdf

(1)"Seeds should be soaked before sowing, and germinate easily." (2)Seeds can be sown directly (no treatment)

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence