Haematoxylum campechianum L. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Logwood, Bloodwood tree. Synonym(s) - NA.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

1.01

no evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native distribution: Southern America: Belize [n.]; Guatemala [n.]; Mexico - Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Yucatan

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18172 (07 February 2003)

2.02

2.03

(1)low elevation [all specimens , 160 m] (2) In the Lower Lacantún River Basin there is considerable seasonally flooded forest. Marshes or seasonally flooded areas have special formations, such as almost pure stands of Haematoxylum campechianum surrounding many lakes in the forest [Seasonally flooded lowlands] (3)In El Mirador-Río Azul, the wetlands are dominated by logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum). This tree grows in areas where water accumulates. lowland seasonal wetland]

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)nmnhwww.si.edu/botany/projects/centres/lacandon.htm (3)http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofiles/mirador_rio/Mirador_Rio.shtml

2.04

Southern America: Belize [n.]; Guatemala [n.]; Mexico - Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Yucatan

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18172 (07 February 2003)

2.05

(1)Introduction in United States: Hawaii; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands (2)Introduced to Caribbean

(1)USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (2)http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/ma/ma-carib.htm

3.01

(1)Habitat/ecology: In Hawai'i, sparingly naturalized in low elevation, dry sites at least on O'ahu and Hawai'i, but probably also on other of the main islands. (2)"naturalized elsewhere in tropics " (3)invasive species in Jamaica (4)non-native plant species that has become established in the Cockpit Country region of Jamaica - HABIT/THREAT- Hillsides and cockpit bottoms in drier areas

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> (2)USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 (3)www.jamaicachm.org.jm/aliens_i_pl.htm (4)http://www.cockpitcountry.com/Non-native%20plants.html

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)listed as an alien invasive species in Jamaica in Jamaica National Biodiversity Strategy (draft), -- "Alien invasive species" refers to those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. (2)In addition to the loss of native woodland, native evergreen thickets on Grand Cayman are now being replaced by logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum). This deliberately introduced species spreads by stolons, and will probably continue to invade native thickets and displace native plants (Giglioli 1994).

(1)http://www.jamaicachm.org.jm/aliens_i_pl.htm (2)World Wildlife Fund 2001. Cayman Islands xeric scrub (NT1305). Available at: <http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1305_full.html>

3.05

no evidence

4.01

(1)"Thorny trees 3-10 m tall"

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1)AB: The CARDI Legume Project in Antigua has identified grass and legume spp. suitable for improving forage systems in the Caribbean, including Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes hamata, Desmanthus virgatus, Desmodium spp., D. tortuosum and Codariocalyx gyroides. Other browse spp. for goats include Acacia spp., Albizia lebbek, Calliandra spp., Cassia glandulosa, Haematoxylum campechianum, Prosopis chilensis, Sesbania spp., Clitoria ternatea, Teramnus labialis, Centrosema pubescens, Macroptilium atropurpureum and Glycine wightii.

(1)Keoghan, J. M. (1982) Forage systems and forages for more intensive goat production in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Goat Production and Disease., 1982, p.534

4.05

(1)AB: The CARDI Legume Project in Antigua has identified grass and legume spp. suitable for improving forage systems in the Caribbean, including Haematoxylum campechianum.

(1)Keoghan, J. M. (1982) Forage systems and forages for more intensive goat production in the Caribbean. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Goat Production and Disease., 1982, p.535

4.06

Diaprepes Root Weevil Host [generalist]

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN119

4.07

Dermatitis of the hands was said to be caused by haematoxylin in gloves. Patch tests to the glove gave positive reactions. The dye itself was not used for patch testing (Sezary and Deval 1932). Hypersensitivity to natural dyes can occur but dermatitis is rare among dyers or weavers of dyed furs (Schwartz et al. 1957).

Richard J. Schmidt PhD 1994 - 2003. the Botanical Dermatology Database. [BoDD is an electronic re-incarnation of BOTANICAL DERMATOLOGY by John Mitchell & Arthur Rook, which was originally published in 1979 by Greengrass Ltd, Vancouver [ISBN 0-88978-047-1].] Available at <http://bodd.cf.ac.uk/index.html>

4.08

possible -- shrub/small bushy tree of arid habitats

4.09

(1)"The tree comes from tropical America, where it thrives in open marshland"

(1)Neal, Marie C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50, Bishop Museum Press. p. 429.

4.10

(1)tolerates poor soil (2)Logwood grows on almost any soil, but prefers light soils with some humus.

(1)http://www.spiceisle.com/talkshop/messages/66108.htm (2)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Haematoxylum%20campechianum_En.htm [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

4.11

(1)"Thorny trees 3-10 m tall"

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

4.12

(1)In addition to the loss of native woodland, native evergreen thickets on Grand Cayman are now being replaced by logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum). This deliberately introduced species spreads by stolons, and will probably continue to invade native thickets and displace native plants (Giglioli 1994). (2)It can withstand dry conditions, but in Central America it grows best in flat marshy areas often inundated by rivers, occasionally forming almost pure stands. (3)In Central America logwood is mostly collected from the wild where it occasionally forms almost pure stands. (4)In upland Human Disturbed (HD) areas i

(1)World Wildlife Fund 2001. Cayman Islands xeric scrub (NT1305). Available at: <http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1305_full.html> (2)http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Haematoxylum%20campechianum_En.htm [Accessed 07 Oct 2008] (3)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18059#Pests [Accessed 08 Oct 2008] (4)Freid, E.H. and E. Lefaivre. 2006. Clifton Heritage Park Rapid Vegetation Assessment. The University of Tampa. Tampa, FL. (5)Anonymous. 2007. Weed Spotters Newsletter. Spring 2007 #9. http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/weed_spotters_spring07_newsletter.pdf

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Fabaceae

5.03

Fabaceae

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

(1)Propagation: Seed.

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm>

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)honey bee attracting blossoms

(1)http://www.spiceisle.com/talkshop/messages/66108.htm

6.06

(1)This deliberately introduced species spreads by stolons (2)It also has a tendency to sucker and in these wetter sites and can form dense stands.

(1)World Wildlife Fund 2001. Cayman Islands xeric scrub (NT1305). Available at: <http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt1305_full.html> (2)Anonymous. 2007. Weed Spotters Newsletter. Spring 2007 #9. http://www.weedscrc.org.au/documents/weed_spotters_spring07_newsletter.pdf

6.07

(1)very dense wood - [growth is likely to be fairly slow for a legume], It is said to be ready for felling when about 8 years old.

(1)http://www.raintree-health.co.uk/cgi-bin/getpage.pl?/plants/campeche.html

7.01

Seed longevity in soil increases likelihood of inadvertent transport with soil movement (1)Dispersal: the infestations around Mackay tend to indicate that the seeds have been spread with quarry material and not intentionally

(1)http://weedscrc.org.au/cropweeds/crop_weeds_h.html#logwood [Accessed 07 Oct 2008]

7.02

(1)"the hardwood is used for dyes, stains, and inks."

(1)Neal, Marie C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50, Bishop Museum Press. p. 429.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

(1)Pods 4-6 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide. Seeds brown, longitudinally reniform, 5-7 mm long, 2-3 mm in diameter.

7.08

no evidence of ingestion

8.01

(1)Flowers fragrant, 12-16 mm in diameter; sepals yellow or purple-tinged; petals yellow. Pods 4-6 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide. Seeds brown, longitudinally reniform, 5-7 mm long, 2-3 mm in diameter." [large seeds] (2) 1-3 seeds per pod

(1)USDA, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2001) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) webpage <http://www.hear.org/pier/phkar.htm> (2)Little et al. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. USDA Forest service.

8.02

hard seeded legume

8.03

no evidence

8.04

8.05

no evidence