Gymnostoma papuanum (S. Moore) L.A.S. Johnson Family - Casuarinaceae. Common Names(s) - Gymnostoma. Synonym(s) - Casuarina papuanum S. Moore

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to the island of New Guinea, where it grows from sea level to 5500 feet

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

2.02

2.03

(1)Gymnostoma is restricted to the hot, humid tropics on the islands of the South Pacific and Malaysia. (2)native to the island of New Guinea, where it grows from sea level to 5500 feet [broad elevational range >1000 m]

(1)Torrey, J. G. and R. H. Berg. 1988. Morphological Features for Generic Characterization Among the Casuarinaceae. American Journal of Botany 75(6): 864-874. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

2.04

(1)native to the island of New Guinea, where it grows from sea level to 5500 feet

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

2.05

(1)Although less familiar because, unlike Casuarina spp., Gymnostoma has not been distributed worldwide by ma, it is a large genus comprised of about eighteen species

(1)Torrey, J. G. and R. H. Berg. 1988. Morphological Features for Generic Characterization Among the Casuarinaceae. American Journal of Botany 75(6): 864-874.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameg.htm [Accessed 12 Aug 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameg.htm [Accessed 12 Aug 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameg.htm [Accessed 12 Aug 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameg.htm [Accessed 12 Aug 2008]

3.05

(1)No Gymnostoma spp. Listed as weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinameg.htm [Accessed 12 Aug 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.02

(1)In some parts of the world, Casuarina spp. are perfectly integrated in agroforestry systems. One classical example is that of Papua New Guinea, where C. oligodon and G. papuana (in the highlands) and C. equisetifolia (in the lowlands) are intercropped with food crops, and are used as shade trees or in rotation with crops (Thiagalingam, 1983; Bourke, 1985). [allelopathy unlikely if grown with crops]

(1)Steppler, H.A. and P.K. Ramachandran Nair (eds.). 1987. Agroforestry: a decade of development. International Council for Research in Agroforestry. Nairobi, Kenya.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.04

Don't know

4.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.08

(1)Tropical rainforests dominated by a single tree species are unusual except where the substrate has extreme characteristics or the forest is seral. In a description of New Guinea vegetation Paijmans (1976) noted several monospecific rainforest types, almost all of which were associated with one of these two conditions: Casuarina spp. with pioneer forest on beaches and river bars; Casuarina papuana S. Moore with burned margins of forest and anthropogenic grassland [unknown whether species promotes fire or colonizes as a pioneer species after fire or disturbance] (2)In addition to its facilitative effects on succession, Gymnostoma has a major impact on flammability. Firstly, the persistent litter forms a deep fuel bed, and secondly, the open canopy allows this fuel to dry relatively rapidly during rain-free periods. [ecology of related species from New Caledonia may be similar to ecology of G. papuanum]

(1)Ash, J. 1988. Nothofagus (Fagaceae) forest on Mt Giluwe, New Guinea. New Zealand Journal of Botany 26: 245-258.

4.09

(1)Casuarina papuana…Full Sun

(1)http://www.territoryhousing.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38093/fs_garden_subsidy.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug 2008]

4.10

(1)In part because of their capacity to form dinitrogen-fixing root nodules in response to infection by the soil actinomycete, Frankia (Torrey, 1982), these plants survive in a wide range of nutrient-poor soils. (2)Casuarina papuana is commonly predominant in forest over ultrabasic rocks and occasionally in forest on limestone, but this species has a wide ecological range and is not restricted to any particular rock type or soil.”

(1)Torrey, J. G. and R. H. Berg. 1988. Morphological Features for Generic Characterization Among the Casuarinaceae. American Journal of Botany 75(6): 864-874. (2)Proctor. J. 2003. Vegetation and soil and plant chemistry on ultramafic rocks in the tropical Far East. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6(1,2): 105–124.

4.11

(1)tree up to 90 feet tall

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1)Hill forest is complex in structure and composition. Perhaps the most notable variant of this class of forest, at least to foresters who carried out the recent inventory, was that where Casuarina papuana occurred on the very alkaline ultramafic soils of south Santa Isabel and sout-east Choiseul, often almost pure stands are found. (2)Tropical rainforests dominated by a single tree species are unusual except where the substrate has extreme characteristics or the forest is seral. In a description of New Guinea vegetation Paijmans (1976) noted several monospecific rainforest types, almost all of which were associated with one of these two conditions: Casuarina spp. with pioneer forest on beaches and river bars; Casuarina papuana S. Moore with burned margins of forest and anthropogenic grassland; (3)While Araucaria are most often scattered 70-meter tall dominants but occasionally this species may form dense stands. Shorelines can be lined with several rows of Casuarina equisetifolia while inland the related Casuarina papuana forms quite pure and often extensive stands on shallow, stony soils (such as islands newly created by rivers) from close to sea level to 1500 meters. [monocultures apparently related to soil type, and not competitive exclusion]

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

(1)Casuarinaceae

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Members of the Casuarinaceae have the ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules that contain symbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus Frankia.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.01

(1)in every community there is a sufficiently high proportion of individuals of fast-growing species of tall trees to ensure that the community is dominated by pioneer species for the next century. The most important of these species are Octomeles sumatrana and Casuarina papuana both of which reach a height of over 50 m. [No evidence]

(1)Taylor, B.W. 1957. Plant Succession on Recent Volcanoes in Papua. The Journal of Ecology 45(1): 233-243.

6.02

(1)Propagated from seed

(1)Lundquist, R. and J. G. Torrey. 1984. The Propagation of Casuarina Species from Rooted Stem Cuttings. Botanical Gazette 145(3): 378-384.

6.03

(1)Upon examination of multiple specimens of G. papuanum we found that one collection from Paiaw Valley, Papua, New Guinea, had stomata occluded by epicuticular wax, while the second collection, from Eastern Highlands, Papua, New Guinea, lacked such waxy occlusions (Fig. 5). Also, a second collection of a hybrid specimen of Gymnostoma (not listed in the tables) lacked wax, while material of related species had stomata that were occluded [Gymonstoma spp. able to hybridize, but unknown whether G. papuanum hybridizes naturally]

(1)David L. Dilcher, David C. Christophel, Harry Omroa Bhagwandin, Jr. and Leonie J. Scriven. 1990. Evolution of the Casuarinaceae: Morphological Comparisons of Some Extant Species. American Journal of Botany 77(3): 338-355.

6.04

(1)A dioecious tree

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.05

(1)The plants are wind pollinated

(1)Lundquist, R. and J. G. Torrey. 1984. The Propagation of Casuarina Species from Rooted Stem Cuttings. Botanical Gazette 145(3): 378-384.

6.06

(1)Able to be rooted from cuttings but unknown whether plants spread vegetatively

(1)Lundquist, R. and J. G. Torrey. 1984. The Propagation of Casuarina Species from Rooted Stem Cuttings. Botanical Gazette 145(3): 378-384.

6.07

Fast-growing, but time to maturity unknown (1)in every community there is a sufficiently high proportion of individuals of fast-growing species of tall trees to ensure that the community is dominated by pioneer species for the next century. The most important of these species are Octomeles sumatrana and Casuarina papuana both of which reach a height of over 50 m.

(1)Taylor, B.W. 1957. Plant Succession on Recent Volcanoes in Papua. The Journal of Ecology 45(1): 233-243.

7.01

(1)No evidence that relatively large propagules are dispersed unintentionally, as they have no means of external attachment

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.02

(1)sometimes grown in home gardens in Hawaii [ornamental] (2)Casuarina papuana One of the most attractive species. It makes an excellent ornamental in Hawaii and has pleasing foliage display and red adventitious root masses on the trunk.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=8A9A8542F3F2D8D19A8AFE50704FB278?a=d&d=HASH010c345e11867f606d9a3478.11&c=hdl
&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa= [Accessed 13 Aug 2008]

7.03

(1)winged samara about 0.25" long [no evidence, and seed relatively large]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.04

(1)winged samara about 0.25" long [winged samara suggests wind-dispersal] (2)Dispersal of most (66%) early successional species is by wind. Many of these species (e.g. Gymnostoma...)produce abundant seed during the wet season, and are often the first to colonize burnt maquis after dry season ground fires. [similar ecology of Gymnostoma as pioneer species]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2)S. McCoy, T. Jaffre, F. Rigault, J. E. Ash. 1999. Fire and Succession in the Ultramafic Maquis of New Caledonia. Journal of Biogeography 26(3): 579-594. .

7.05

(1)Nothing is known about seed dispersal mechanisms in Allocasuarina and the other genera, however. Detailed evolutionary trends and functions of morphological characters of the infructescences must be studied through critical field observations. (2)it grows from sea level to 5500' along streams, on ridges, and in old human habitations. [possibly water dispersed along streams]

(1)Akiko Sogo, Hiroaki Setoguchi, Junko Noguchi, Tanguy Jaffre and Hiroshi Tobe. 2001. Molecular Phylogeny of Casuarinaceae Based on rbcL and matK Gene Sequences. Journal of Plant Research 114(4): 459-464. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.06

(1)winged samara about 0.25" long [not fleshy-fruited]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.07

(1)winged samara about 0.25" long [no means of external attachment]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.08

Don't know [no information on gut passage]

8.01

Unlikely that relatively large seeds would reach such high densities (1)Beside the aforementioned characters, features of the gynoecium may be archaic in Gymnostoma. Basically, the ovary is bicarpellate in Casuarinaceae (Johnson and Wilson 1993). Both carpels are fertile and each has two ovules in Gymnostoma, although mature fruits are always one-seeded (unpublished data). (2)winged samara about 0.25" long

(1)Akiko Sogo, Hiroaki Setoguchi, Junko Noguchi, Tanguy Jaffre and Hiroshi Tobe. 2001. Molecular Phylogeny of Casuarinaceae Based on rbcL and matK Gene Sequences. Journal of Plant Research 114(4): 459-464. (2)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

8.02

(1)Seeds are short-lived, except in Allocasuarina, where cones my remain unopened for several years and seeds are correspondingly long-lived [description for genera of Casuarinaceae]

(1)Klaus Kubitzki, Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich. 1993. Flowering Plants, Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid, and Caryophyllid Families. Srpinger-Verlag.

8.03

Don't know [no information on herbicide control found]

8.04

Don't know [see 4.08]

8.05

Don't know [no information found on natural enemies]