Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Graptophyllum pictum; caricature-plant

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

(1)Adams, G.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona (2)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)Occasionally escaped from gardens (2)Rare escape from cultivation

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Graptophyllum+pictum (07 June 2002)

Native: Asia-Tropical: New Guinea [probably]

2.02

2.03

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html> (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Graptophyllum_pictum.html (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (4)http://www.ecoport.org/

(1)Hardiness Range: 10B - 11 (2)USDA: 10-12 (3)voucher specimens < 1000 m (4)occurs in coastal areas below 800 m altitude

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Graptophyllum+pictum (07 June 2002)

Native: Asia-Tropical: New Guinea [probably]

2.05

(1) Cook, R. P.; Vargo, D. (2000) Range extension of Doleschallia tongana (Nymphalidae) to the Samoan archipelago, with notes on its life history and ecology. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 2000, Vol.54, No.1, pp.33-35, 19 ref.
(2) Runkova, L. V.; Shakhova, G. I. (1992) Action of the retardants Cultar and SUMI on some tropical plants. Byulleten' Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada, 1992, No.164, pp.82-92, 12 ref.
(3) Ozaki, Y.; Sekita, S.; Soedigdo, S.; Harada, M. (1989) Antiinflammatory effect of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1989, Vol.37, No.10, pp.2799-2802, 13 ref.
(4) Prokopy, R. J.; Papaj, D. R.; Wong, T. T. Y. (1986) Fruit-foraging behavior of Mediterranean fruit fly females on host and non-host plants. Florida Entomologist, 1986, Vol.69, No.4, pp.651-657, 10 ref.

(1) American Samoa (2) Russia (3) Indonesia (4) Florida, USA

3.01

(1)Adams, G.D. Flowering plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies, Mona (2)Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.

(1)Occasionally escaped from gardens (2)Rare escape from cultivation

3.02

http://www.plantcreations.com/misctropicalplants.htm

This is commonly used in deep shade, where it becomes weedy over time. [refers to landscaped environments in Florida; vague]

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Coile, N.C. (1996) Botany Section, Tri-ology Technical Report, Vol. 35, No. 6
Available at: <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/96-11&12all.htm>

"Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Acanthaceae, caricature plant: Shrub to 2 m tall. Leaves evergreen, opposite, glabrous and glossy, ovate to elliptic, to 6" long, dark green but blotched or marbled with yellow in the central zone and with pink midveins and petioles. Inflorescence in short axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Flowers tubular, 2-lipped, inflated at the throat, about 1½" long and with 2 protruding stamens. Some cultivars with red, rose, or purple markings on the leaves. Originally from New Guinea, this species is grown in greenhouses or in warm humid regions. "

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Ilao, J.M.;Lustria, U.M.;Calub, A.D.;Lales, J.S. 1997. Nutritive value of fodder trees and shrubs and socio-economic aspect of backyard cattle raisers in Batangas [Philippines]. In Recent Developments in Animal Production - 1997: proceedings of the Philippine Society of Animal Science 34th Annual Convention. Sarabia, A.S.; Villar, E.S.; Magboo, E.S.; Roxas, D.B. (Comp.). Philippine Society of Animal Science, 4031 College, Laguna (Philippines); Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila (Philippines). College, Laguna (Philippines). PSAS. 1997. 470 p.

utilized as feed for cattle

4.05

Ilao, J.M.;Lustria, U.M.;Calub, A.D.;Lales, J.S. 1997. Nutritive value of fodder trees and shrubs and socio-economic aspect of backyard cattle raisers in Batangas [Philippines]. In Recent Developments in Animal Production - 1997: proceedings of the Philippine Society of Animal Science 34th Annual Convention. Sarabia, A.S.; Villar, E.S.; Magboo, E.S.; Roxas, D.B. (Comp.). Philippine Society of Animal Science, 4031 College, Laguna (Philippines); Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila (Philippines). College, Laguna (Philippines). PSAS. 1997. 470 p.

utilized as feed for cattle

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

a lush plant of wet environments

4.09

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html> (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Acanthaceae/Graptophyllum_pictum.html

(1)"prefers full shade to full sun" (2)Full sun or shade

4.1

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html> (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber press, Portland. (3)http://www.plantcreations.com/misctropicalplants.htm

(1)"soil should be moist" (2)moist well-drained soils (3)In the alkaline soils of South Florida, it needs regular fertilization to look its best.

4.11

Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html>

shrub, 1.20m to 1.80m

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Acanthaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

no evidence [no reference to propagation by seed, could find no instances of seeds for sale]

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Coile, N.C. (1996) Botany Section, Tri-ology Technical Report, Vol. 35, No. 6
Available at: <http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/96-11&12all.htm>

" Flowers tubular, 2-lipped, inflated at the throat, about 1½" long and with 2 protruding stamens. " [yes based on specialized floral morphology]

6.06

no evidence [typically propagated by cutting but his form of propagation does not occur in nature]

6.07

7.01

no evidence

7.02

(1) Cook, R. P.; Vargo, D. (2000) Range extension of Doleschallia tongana (Nymphalidae) to the Samoan archipelago, with notes on its life history and ecology. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 2000, Vol.54, No.1, pp.33-35, 19 ref.
(2) Runkova, L. V.; Shakhova, G. I. (1992) Action of the retardants Cultar and SUMI on some tropical plants. Byulleten' Glavnogo Botanicheskogo Sada, 1992, No.164, pp.82-92, 12 ref.
(3) Ozaki, Y.; Sekita, S.; Soedigdo, S.; Harada, M. (1989) Antiinflammatory effect of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1989, Vol.37, No.10, pp.2799-2802, 13 ref.
(4) Prokopy, R. J.; Papaj, D. R.; Wong, T. T. Y. (1986) Fruit-foraging behavior of Mediterranean fruit fly females on host and non-host plants. Florida Entomologist, 1986, Vol.69, No.4, pp.651-657, 10 ref.

(1) American Samoa (2) Russia (3) Indonesia (4) Florida, USA

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber press, Portland.

Fruit a club-shaped woody capsule, rarely formed in cultivations [low fruit density, most likely gravity dispersal]

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Carr, G. (2002) Acanthaceae, Flowering Plant Families. Webpage, available at: <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/acanth.htm>

"The fruit is commonly an elastically dehiscent loculicidal capsule. (Acanthaceae)"

7.07

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber press, Portland.

Fruit a club-shaped woody capsule, rarely formed in cultivations [low fruit density, most likely gravity dispersal]

7.08

no evidence

8.01

(1)Carr, G. (2002) Acanthaceae, Flowering Plant Families. Webpage, available at: <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/acanth.htm> (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals. Timber press, Portland.

(1)"The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2 carpels, a single style, and a superior ovary with 2 locules, each with usually 2-10 axile ovules in one or two collateral vertical tiers." (2)Fruit a club-shaped woody capsule, rarely formed in cultivations [low fruit density]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

no evidence