Gmelina asiatica. L. Family - Verbenaceae. Common Names(s) - Asian bushbeech, badhara bush. Synonym(s) -

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

n

1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

13

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17828 [Cited 2010 March 12].

2.02

(1) Native to: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17828 [Cited 2010 March 12].

2.03

(1) Mixed forests; 400-800 m (2) USDA Hardiness zone: 10

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) http://www.banana-tree.com/gmelina-asiatica.html [Cited 2010 March 12].

2.04

(1) Native to: China - Guangdong, Guangxi; Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Cambodia; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17828 [Cited 2010 March 12].

2.05

(1) The Banana Tree Nursery in Pennsylvania sells Gmelina asiatica. (2) Hirt's Gardens in Ohio sells Gmelina asiatica seed. (3) The seedman.com sells Gmelina asiatica seed on a limited basis. (4) Gmelina asiatica is cultivated in India, Malacca and Java as a medicinal plant. (5) Widely cultivated.

(1) http://www.banana-tree.com/ [Cited 2010 March 15] (2) http://hirts-gardens.amazonwebstore.com/search.htm?keyword=gmelina+asiatica [Cited 2010 March 15]. (3) http://www.seedman.com/ [Cited 2010 March 15] (4) http://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1931&dq=gmelina+asiatica&lr=&ei=IKeeS5naKoHklQS9jun4CQ&cd=13 [Cited 2010 March 15]. (5) http://books.google.com/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA244&dq=gmelina+asiatica&lr=&ei=LaieS8-oHamilQT51YXeCQ&cd=34 [Cited 2010 March 15].

3.01

(1) Gmelina asiatica was first found near Rockhampton, Australia. It is thought to have been introduced accidentally by troops during World War II. It has since spread slowly and now occurs as scattered plants over an area of about 500 square kilometers around Rockhampton and at Brisbane.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA629&lpg=PP1&vq=gmelina [Cited 2010 March 15].

3.02

(1) Gmelina asiatica is a category P2 pest in Queensland, Australia. Category P2 plants are to be destroyed throughout the state or the relevant parts thereof. (2) Gmelina asiatica is prohibited in Western Australia. This designation is on the Australian noxious weed list, last updated January 2010.

(1) http://mmarchive.rockhamptonregion.qld.gov.au/weedpests.html [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

3.03

(1) Gmelina asiatica is a category P2 pest in Queensland, Australia. Category P2 plants are to be destroyed throughout the state or the relevant parts thereof. (2) Gmelina asiatica is prohibited in Western Australia. This designation is on the Australian noxious weed list, last updated January 2010. (3)This aggressive thorny shrub tends to form dense thickets impenetrable to stock and shades out useful pasture species.

(1) http://mmarchive.rockhamptonregion.qld.gov.au/weedpests.html [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12]. (3) Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

3.04

(1) Gmelina asiatica is a category P2 pest in Queensland, Australia. Category P2 plants are to be destroyed throughout the state or the relevant parts thereof. (2) Gmelina asiatica is prohibited in Western Australia. This designation is on the Australian noxious weed list, last updated January 2010.

(1) http://mmarchive.rockhamptonregion.qld.gov.au/weedpests.html [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

3.05

(1) "Exotic tree species in the country that are considered invasive (at least because they are also host of insect pests includes: Gmelina arborea, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Swietenia macrophylla."

(1) http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2NBZzbsl0OgJ:www.agnet.org/activities/sw/2006/589543823/paper-729213301.pdf+gmelina+%2B+%22invasive%22&hl=en&gl=us&sig=AHIEtbSVBHUG7OeoQT9lLeCqCZiO8Q8CHg [Cited 2010 March 12].

4.01

(1) "A climber or sprawling shrub with opposite, paired spines and ovate-elliptic to diamond-shaped, glabrous, entire or 3-lobed leaves to 1.5" long and 1" wide; bright yellow, 1.5" long flowers in terminal racemes; and yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 15]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 15].

4.06

(1) Additions to the host range of Colletotrichum capsici. Two newly discovered hosts of this leaf spot pathogen were Dombeya sp. and Gmelina asiatica.

(1) Saxena, A.K., Joshi, I.J., Saksena, S.B., 1982. Additions to the host range of Colletotrichum capsici. Indian Phytopathology 35, 166.

4.07

(1) The Paliyars tribe of Sirumalai Hills, Dindigul district use an cold water infusion of the leaves of Gmelina asiatica internally to reduce body heat. [medicinal]. (2) Gmelina asiatica's aerial parts are used as an extract to cure paratyphoid infections caused by Salmonella paratyphi bacteria.

(1)Vikneshwaran, D., Viji, M., Raja, L.K. 2008. Ethnomedicinal plants survey and documentation related to Paliyar community. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:1108-1115. (2) http://www.mamaherb.com/paratyphoid-home-remedy-using-gmelina-asiatica [Cited 2010 March 15].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

Unknown (1) Requires warmth and bright light.

(1) http://www.banana-tree.com/gmelina-asiatica.html [Cited 2010 March 15].

4.10

(1)principally occurring on sandy or sandy clay soils

(1)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

4.11

(1) "A climber or sprawling shrub with opposite, paired spines and ovate-elliptic to diamond-shaped, glabrous, entire or 3-lobed leaves to 1.5" long and 1" wide; bright yellow, 1.5" long flowers in terminal racemes; and yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1) Forms dense thickets.

(1) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/weeds-seeds-ra.pdf [Cited March 2010 12].

5.01

(1) "A climber or sprawling shrub with opposite, paired spines and ovate-elliptic to diamond-shaped, glabrous, entire or 3-lobed leaves to 1.5" long and 1" wide; bright yellow, 1.5" long flowers in terminal racemes; and yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Verbenaceae

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Verbenaceae

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) "A climber or sprawling shrub with opposite, paired spines and ovate-elliptic to diamond-shaped, glabrous, entire or 3-lobed leaves to 1.5" long and 1" wide; bright yellow, 1.5" long flowers in terminal racemes; and yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) "Plant immediately at 3/4" depth using well draining soil mix. Water only when your soil is dry to 1/2". Requires warmth and bright light. Germination may takeup to 7 weeks."

(1) http://www.banana-tree.com/gmelina-asiatica.html [Cited 2010 March 12].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1) "Breeding experiments with Gmelina asiatica indicated total absence of apomixis. Autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy all gave fruit-set. But fruit from autogamic pollinations and geitonogamic ones subsequently got abscissed without reaching maturity. The fruit resulting from xenogamic pollinators matured and ripened. Only one ovule developed into seed and the remaining three aborted although the stigmas were pollinated with considerable number of pollen"

(1) Reddi, C.S., Rama Das, K. Raju, J.S. , Atluri, J.B. , 1996. Sexual system and pollination ecology of Gmelina asiatica L. (Verbenaceae). Journal of Palynology 32, 41-50.

6.05

(1) Bee pollinated. (2) In this pollination ecology experiment, "the flowers were visited and foraged by bees. Of the four bee species recorded, Xylocopa and Amegilla were consistent and regular. Ceratina and Trigona appeared during the peak phase of flowering and at other times their visits were infrequent."

6.06

(1) Colonies of Gmelina asiatica thicken and spread along their perimeter by suckering from lateral roots.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA626&lpg=PP1&vq=gmelina [Cited 2010 March 15].

6.07

(1) " In Queensland, seeds germinate after the first summer storm rains. Seedling growth is slow at first but increases rapidly as the season advances. The first flowers appear in the second or third year after emergence.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA626&lpg=PP1&vq=gmelina [Cited 2010 March 15].

7.01

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. [not growing in heavily trafficked areas].

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.02

(1) The Banana Tree Nursery in Pennsylvania sells Gmelina asiatica. (2) Hirt's Gardens in Ohio sells Gmelina asiatica seed. (3) The seedman.com sells Gmelina asiatica seed on a limited basis. (4) Gmelina asiatica is cultivated in India, Malacca and Java as a medicinal plant. (5) Widely cultivated.

(1) http://www.banana-tree.com/ [Cited 2010 March 15] (2) http://hirts-gardens.amazonwebstore.com/search.htm?keyword=gmelina+asiatica [Cited 2010 March 15]. (3) http://www.seedman.com/ [Cited 2010 March 15] (4) http://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1931&dq=gmelina+asiatica&lr=&ei=IKeeS5naKoHklQS9jun4CQ&cd=13 [Cited 2010 March 15]. (5) http://books.google.com/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA244&dq=gmelina+asiatica&lr=&ei=LaieS8-oHamilQT51YXeCQ&cd=34 [Cited 2010 March 15].

7.03

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. [no evidence of produce contaminant]

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.04

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. [no adaptation for wind dispersal].

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. (3) Seed is dispersed mainly by birds and animals voiding viable seed in their droppings.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/weeds-seeds-ra.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

7.06

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. (3) Seed is dispersed mainly by birds and animals voiding viable seed in their droppings.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/weeds-seeds-ra.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

7.07

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. (3) Seed is dispersed mainly by birds and animals voiding viable seed in their droppings.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/weeds-seeds-ra.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

7.08

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long. (3) Seed is dispersed mainly by birds and animals voiding viable seed in their droppings.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3) http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/imports/risk/weeds-seeds-ra.pdf [Cited 2010 March 12].

8.01

(1) Drupes yellow, ovoid to obovoid, glabrous. (2) yellow fruit 0.75-1.25" long.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=200019363 [Cited 2010 March 12]. (2) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

(1) "Top growth easily killed with basal bark sprays but suckers vigorously from the roots; needs yearly attention but is under control" So far eradication has not been possible. [no mention of type of herbicide]. (2)Badhara bush, however, is tolerant of many herbicides, including picloram, and the soil applied uracils and hexazinone. The most cost-effective treatment available at present is a basal bark spray of ester 2,4-D in diesel oil applied to the plants in January and February. Regrowth from the crown and lateral roots must be treated as it occurs.

(1) Kay, K.L., 1981. Attempted eradication of exotic weed species in Southern Queensland, Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Weeds Conference, Gold Coast City, Australia, 13-18 September, 1981. pp. 207-209. Queensland Weed Society, Queensland. (2)Parsons, W. T. and E. G. Cuthbertson. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Second Edition. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.

8.04

(1) "Top growth easily killed with basal bark sprays but suckers vigorously from the roots; needs yearly attention but is under control" So far eradication has not been possible.

(1) Kay, K.L., 1981. Attempted eradication of exotic weed species in Southern Queensland, Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Weeds Conference, Gold Coast City, Australia, 13-18 September, 1981. pp. 207-209. Queensland Weed Society, Queensland.

8.05

Unknown