Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Gardenia jasminoides (G. angusta); Cape-jasmine

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

y

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

There are many cultivars including `Fortuniana' is a double-flowered cultivar; `Mystery', one of the best-known cultivars, has 4 to 5-inch double white flowers; and `Radicans' is a dwarf, ground cover-type, growing 6 to 18 inches high and spreading 2 to 3 feet.

1.02

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp.

p.76 " It is widely cutivated in tropics and sutropics, and sometimes naturalized." [could find no evidence of naturalization from floras]

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70315 (07 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Temperate: China; Japan; Taiwan
Asia-Tropical: Vietnam
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.02

large temperate range w/some tropical overlap(?), cultivated in tropics

2.03

(1)http://www.montereybaynsy.com/G.htm (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rubiaceae/Gardenia_jasminoides.html (3)http://www.ag.auburn.edu/landscape/165.html

(1)Needs moist soil, regular fertilizing. (2)USDA: 9b-10, requires cool night temperatures (50-55 F) for bud and fruit formation (3)Hardy to zone 8

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?70315 (07 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Temperate: China; Japan; Taiwan
Asia-Tropical: Vietnam
Other: cult. elsewhere

2.05

(1) Kamoutsis, A. P.; Chronopoulou-Sereli, A. G.; Paspatis, E. A. (1999) Paclobutrazol affects growth and flower bud production in gardenia under different light regimes. HortScience, 1999, Vol.34, No.4, pp.674-675, 4 ref.
(2) Rouillard, G.; Gueho, J. (1988) History of plants of horticultural, medicinal and economic interest to Mauritius. 16. [FT: Histoire des plantes d'intérêt horticole, médicinal et économique à l'Île Maurice - XVI.] Revue Agricole et Sucrière de l'Ile Maurice, 1988, Vol.67, No.1-3, pp.116-129, 3 ref.
(3) Singh, N. I. (1981) Some new host records for India. Indian Phytopathology, 1981, Vol.34, No.2, pp.233-234, 1 ref.

(1) Greece (2) Mauritius (3) India

3.01

Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp.

p.76 " It is widely cutivated in tropics and sutropics, and sometimes naturalized." [could find no evidence of naturalization from floras]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. p. 222

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

(1) Hong, C. B.; Chung, M. S.; Yang, C. H.; Ho, C. C.; Ho, C. M.; Lee, S. H. (1976) Gardenia poisoning in pigs. I. Reproduction of a Black discoloration of the viscera in animals with the seed-pods of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. f. grandiflora Makino. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science, 1976, Vol.2, No.1, pp.26-29, 5 ref.
(2) Chung, M. S.; Hong, C. B.; Yeh, C. H.; Ho, C. C. (1976) Gardenia poisoning in pigs. II. Clinical and clinico-pathological observations. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science, 1976, Vol.2, No.1, pp.30-34, 17 ref.

(1) AB: Following the finding of a black discoloration in the viscera of pigs at a local abattoir, the administration of seed-pods of Gardenia jasminoides to pigs and rats produced a similar discoloration in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes and spleen, and to a lesser degree in the skin, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, peritoneum, blood vessels, periosteum, meninges and gastro-intestinal tract. The urine of these animals was also black, the serum was blackish brown and the bile was darker than normal.
(2) AB: A ration containing 10% seed-pods of Gardenia jasminoides was fed to 40-day-old pigs for four months. Their average daily weight gain was 0.12 kg compared to 0.44 kg in controls. In the latter part of the experiment their skin became hard and bluish purple, the faeces a blackish brown and the urine a dark green. Blood cell counts remained normal except for an eosinophilia (19.5%) on the 70th day of the experiment. The serum was blackish brown by the end of the experiment. On the 50th day the serum glutami

4.06

Hendricks, H. J.; Miller, G. L.; Williams, M. L.; Stephenson, J. C. (1987) Control of citrus whitefly on common gardenia. Research Report Series, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, 1987, No.5, p.17, 23

<http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/citrus/citrus_whitefly.htm>
The citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), was once the most important citrus pest in Florida, but today it ranks below the snow scale, citrus rust mite, and several others. Nevertheless, it is still a serious pest in Florida. A native of India, it appears to have been introduced into Florida some time between 1858 and 1885 (Morrill and Back 1911). It is now found out-of-doors throughout Florida and parts of other gulf states and California and in greenhouses in many parts of the United States.
Citrus is the most important host, but the following are also food plants --- allamanda, banana shrub, Boston ivy, cape jasmine, chinaberry, laurel cherry, crape myrtle, coffee, English ivy, Ficus macrophylla, gardenia, green ash, jasmine, lilac, myrtle, mock olive, pear, privet, osage orange, Portugal cherry, pomegranate, prickly ash, smilax, tree of heaven, trumpet vine, umbrella tree, water oak, persimmon, and devilwood or wild olive. [this is a gener

4.07

(1)Paulsen, E.; Skov, P. S.; Andersen, K. E. (1998) Immediate skin and mucosal symptoms from pot plants and vegetables in gardeners and greenhouse workers. Contact Dermatitis, 1998, Vol.39, No.4, pp.166-170, 21 ref. (2)http://wellness.ucdavis.edu/safety_info/poison_prevention/take_care_with_plants/toxicity_of_plants.html

(1) Short-lived occupational skin symptoms of irritant or urticarial nature were commonly reported among 253 subjects in a clinical study on occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and greenhouse workers. Aimed prick or scratch-patch testing for immediate skin and mucosal symptoms was performed in 105 persons with plants as is. 35 persons (33%) had at least 1 positive reaction, and a family history of, or personal, atopy was significantly more prevalent among these compared to subjects with negative reactions. Positive histamine release tests made immunological aetiology probable in Schlumbergera cacti, Stephanotis floribunda , Euphorbia pulcherrima and Gerbera reactions. Other new species implicated in immediate-type reactions included Ficus pumila , Gardenia jasminoides , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , Campanula , Columnea , Epipremnum aureum , Pelargonium and Primula vulgaris . Because of the high prevalence of short-lived skin symptoms and because contact urticaria may present itself as a dermatitis, it is

4.08

unlikely, a lush green shrub

4.09

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

Exposure: Full shade to full sun

4.1

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rubiaceae/Gardenia_jasminoides.html (3)http://mgonline.com/gardenia.html

(1)Soil Condition: Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, salt intolerant, somewhat drought tolerant (2)Gardenias prefer acid, moist, well-drained soil (3)The primary key to gardenias is to start with a highly acid soil

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. p. 222

"shrub to 2 m high or more."

4.12

Hsieh, C. F.; Huang, T. C.; Yang, K. C.; Huang, S. F. (1990) Vegetation patterns and structure of a secondary forest on Mt. Lonlon, northeastern Taiwan. Taiwania, 1990, Vol.35, No.4, pp.207-220, 20 ref.  

AB: "The community structure was characterized by the relative dominance of Myrsine sequinii [M. seguinii ], Ardisia sieboldii, Persea thunbergii, Wendlandia formosana, Gardenia jasminoides, and Schefflera octophylla in the canopy, and Psychotria rubra and Lasianthus plagiophyllus in the understorey."

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

shrub; Rubiaceae

5.03

Shi ShuLian; Du LiJuan; Cao YaCheng; Sun GuoQing (2000) Evaluation of N2-fixation capacity of leguminous shrub plants. Pedosphere, 2000, Vol.10, No.2, pp.159-163, 11 ref.

AB: N2-fixation percentages in the aerial parts of the first and second cuttings of five species of leguminous shrub plants, Lespedeza formosa from Jiangxi, China, Lespedeza pilosa , Lespedeza formosa from Zhejiang, Cajanus cajan and Indigofera pseudotinctoria were investigated in pot culture experiments using natural 15N abundance method with Bischofia javanica , Camptotheca acuminata and Gardenia jasminoides as reference plants.

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. 542pp. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. p. 222

"Propagated by cutting or, when fertile, seeds "

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

based on floral syndrome, it is moth pollinated.

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dye and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp. (2)R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

(1)p.77 "plants may start flowering as soon as 1 year after planting. [from cuttings, so assume seed production within 2 years] (2) four years [may be overestimate given reference 1]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

y

Distributional range:
Native:
Asia-Temperate: China; Japan; Taiwan
Asia-Tropical: Vietnam
Other: cult. elsewhere

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp.

"Fruit fleshy; to 1.5 inches. Not commonly seen"

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird dispersal

8.01

(1) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp.
(2) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto (eds.) 1991. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3 : Dy and tannin-producing plants. Pudoc/Prosea, Wagningen. 194pp.

(1) "Fruit fleshy; to 1.5 inches. Not commonly seen"
(2) p.77 "fruit containing many seeds." [low fruit density / occurrence suggests low seed density]

8.02

http://www.richters.com/newdisplay.cgi?page=./QandA/Growing/20020417-1.html&cart_id=4376359.14007

slow to germinate, it requires several months at least, it may benefit from an alternating cool-warm treatment; alternately place in a refrigerator for 2-3 months and then in room temperature for 2-3
months. If no germination occurs by the end of the first cycle, then the cool/warm cycle is repeated.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

no evidence

8.05

http://mgonline.com/gardenia.html

(1)Gardenias must taste good to bugs as theycan get white-flies, sooty-mold, cottony cushion scale, mealy bugs and nematodes. (2)Gardenias are subject to a number of pests. Nematodes attacking the root system are the worst. [Gardenias are extremely difficult to grow without intensive care due to pests (G. taitensis is the exception)]