Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Galphimia gracilis
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -2
|
Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
|
Galphimia gracilis (Thryallis gracilis; Galphimia glauca Cav. forma parviflora Nied. ); slender goldshower |
Answer |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
|
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
||
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
Total score: |
-2 |
||
Supporting data:
|
Source |
Notes |
|
|
1.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.02 |
Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida. |
Rare escape from cultivation on disturbed sites (Florida) |
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405803 (29 June 2002) |
Distributional range: |
|
2.02 |
||
|
2.03 |
(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/G/galp_gla.cfm (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast |
(1)USDA Zones 9 - 11 (2)Most specimens in native range <1000 m elevation |
|
2.04 |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405803 (29 June 2002) |
Distributional range: |
|
2.05 |
(1) Hore, B. K.; Bose, T. K. (1972) Effects of B-Nine on
growth and flowering in some tropical ornamental plants. Indian Journal of
Horticulture, 1972, Vol.29, No.1, pp.93-96, 11 ref. |
(1) India (2) USA: Florida, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands |
|
3.01 |
Wunderlin, R. P. 1998, Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida. |
Rare escape from cultivation on disturbed sites (Florida) |
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
not known to be invasive |
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
no description of these traits |
|
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.08 |
possibly, can be a scraggly shrub |
|
|
4.09 |
(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 (2)http://westendnursery.com/plants/thryallis.shtml (3)http://www.floracuttings.com/galphimia.html (4)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
(1)" sunny or partially shaded places are prefered but full sun is necessary for optimal flower color and habit." (2)Bright sunlight is prefered (3) Full sun (4)plant grows in full sun |
|
4.1 |
(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 (2)http://westendnursery.com/plants/thryallis.shtml (3)http://www.floracuttings.com/galphimia.html (4)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
(1)"Fertile, moist, but well-drained soils " (2)A well-drained, sandy soil. (3)Soil: Widely adaptable (4)Soil tolerances: slightly alkaline; clay; sand; acidic; loam |
|
4.11 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
shrub to 2 m high or more |
|
4.12 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
|
5.02 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
shrub; Malpighiaceae |
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.04 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
shrub to 2 m high or more |
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
"Propagate by seeds or cuttings." |
|
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.07 |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
Seedlings will bloom when one-foot-tall and six-months-old. |
|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
an oramental |
|
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.04 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
"Fruiy a subglobose capsule but not usually formed in cultivation.";"has smooth rather than winged fruits." |
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.01 |
Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.221 |
"Fruit a subglobose capsule but not usually formed in cultivation.";"has smooth rather than winged fruits." [personal observation: up to 20 flowers on each infloresence, 1-3 seeds per fruit; may reach 1000 seeds per square meter if all flowers fruit, but usually less than 10% of flowers make fruits.] |
|
8.02 |
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
propagated by seeds, sown while still green, |
|
8.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.04 |
(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/G/galp_gla.cfm (2)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/GALGLAA.PDF |
(1)This shrub is one of the best for shearing into low hedges (3)Plants are killed to the ground at about 25-degrees F. but quickly regrow in the spring |
|
8.05 |
no evidence |
Need more info? Have questions? Comments? Information to contribute? Contact PIER!
[ Return to PIER homepage ] [Risk assessment page]
This page updated 30 September 2005