Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville. Family - Sterculiaceae. Common Names(s) - California flannelbush, California fremontia, flannelbush . Synonym(s) - Fremontia californica Torr.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence of extensive domestication

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)zones 8-10, sun…Native To: Dry, rocky foothills and seeps at altitudes of 3,000-6,000 feet in the mountains; California and Arizona (2)For California Fremontia the hot-water treatment followed by two- to three-months stratification is recommended for germination. (3)Flannelbush grows in mediterranean climates

(1)Cullina. W. 2002. Native trees, shrubs, & vines: a guide to using, growing, and propagating North American woody plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, New York. (2)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (3)http://gis.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/frecal/all.html [Accessed 14 May 2009]

2.02

2.03

(1)zones 8-10, sun…Native To: Dry, rocky foothills and seeps at altitudes of 3,000-6,000 feet in the mountains; California and Arizona (2)The shrub is found from 400-2200 m in chaparral, oak woodland, and pine forests in the California Floristic Province, Arizona, and down to Baja California. [elevation distribution >1000 m]

(1)Cullina. W. 2002. Native trees, shrubs, & vines: a guide to using, growing, and propagating North American woody plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, New York. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_frca6.pdf [Accessed 14 May 2009]

2.04

(1)zones 8-10, sun…Native To: Dry, rocky foothills and seeps at altitudes of 3,000-6,000 feet in the mountains; California and Arizona (2)For California Fremontia the hot-water treatment followed by two- to three-months stratification is recommended for germination.

(1)Cullina. W. 2002. Native trees, shrubs, & vines: a guide to using, growing, and propagating North American woody plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, New York. (2)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

2.05

(1)Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental plant.

(1)Sargent, C. S. and C. E. Faxon. 1905. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). Houghton, Mifflin, Boston and New York.

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm

4.01

(1)Habit: Spreading, open, evergreen, 1.5-4 or 7 m, 6-15 ft. Foliage: Round to elliptic-ovate, three-lobed, dark green, sparsely pubescent above, tawny-stellate beneath, felted appearing. [No spines, thorns, or burrs]

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

4.02

(1)Very often, however, it is a much branched shrub, from 4 to 6 feet high, forming dense thickets with other foothill brush…Forms extensive pure shrubby thickets, or groups (small trees) mingled with scrub oak, mountain mahogany, hollyleaf cherry, manzanita, ceanothus, and other chaparral brush. [no field evidence, and co-occurrence with numerous species suggests species is not allelopathic] (2)Known Allelopath No

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=FRCA6&format=print [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.03

(1)Habit: Spreading, open, evergreen, 1.5-4 or 7 m, 6-15 ft. Foliage: Round to elliptic-ovate, three-lobed, dark green, sparsely pubescent above, tawny-stellate beneath, felted appearing.

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

4.04

(1)Range cattle browse upon the twigs, which are very nutritious. (2)Its most important use is as a forage plant for cattle and sheep. (3)Palatability of flannelbush was rated as excellent for deer, good to fair for sheep and goats, fair to poor for cattle, and poor or useless for horses

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)Gibson, H. H. 1913. American forest trees. Hardwood Record, Chicago, IL. (3)http://gis.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/frecal/all.html [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.05

(1)Range cattle browse upon the twigs, which are very nutritious. (2)Its most important use is as a forage plant for cattle and sheep. [no evidence of toxicity to animals]

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)Gibson, H. H. 1913. American forest trees. Hardwood Record, Chicago, IL.

4.06

(1)Fremontodendrons are rapid growers that are especially susceptible to the root rotting pathogens which favor warm, moist soil conditions. Infected plants can literally die overnight. To prevent this fate, provide excellent drainage and avoid summer water on established plants.

(1)http://www.sbbg.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=livingcollections.plantDetail&plant_id=11 [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.07

(1)Medicinally, an infusion of the inner bark was taken as a physic. The inner bark was also used as a poultice for sores, and when soaked in water, the inner bark works as a purgative [purgative suggests toxicity if consumed, but no mention of inadvertent poisoning or toxicity] (2)The fruits ripen into five-angled, woody capsules covered with irritating hairs; in fact, most of the plant-young stems and leaves-is also covered with similar hairs, resulting in the common name. [irritating hairs may cause rash and/or allergic reaction] (3)Danger: Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction...Although this is a lovely plant and flowers for a long time, the hairs on the stems and leaves are a skin irritant - after pruning this one you'll need to strip right off and shower! Be very careful to wear goggles too, as it's painful if they get in your eyes. (4)The stem is clothed with brown hairs which rub off easily and can be a severe irritant[166]. When pruning it is best to wear a mask[166]. The eyes can be badly affected[202]. (5)I have an anecdotal report of respiratory tract irritation from the hairs covering the foliage and fruits of Fremontodendron. They are also known to cause contact dermatitis (including allergic sensitisation) and eye irritation, and wearing protection for skin is advised. My experience is that the hairs of the seed pod are particularly penetrating.

(1)Vizgirdas, R. S. and Edna Rey-Vizgirdas.2005. Wild plants of the Sierra Nevada. University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada. (2)Keator, G. 2003. Introduction to trees of the San Francisco Bay region. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA. (3)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1715/ [Accessed 14 May 2009] (4)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Fremontodendron+californicum [Accessed 14 May 2009] (5)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.08

(1)Very often, however, it is a much branched shrub, from 4 to 6 feet high, forming dense thickets with other foothill brush…Forms extensive pure shrubby thickets, or groups (small trees) mingled with scrub oak, mountain mahogany, hollyleaf cherry, manzanita, ceanothus, and other chaparral brush. (2)Numerous chaparral shrubs sprout following fire. These include chamise, flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum)… [dense thicket formation in fire-prone chaparral and adaptations to fire suggest shrub increase probability of fire in native ecosystems] (3)Flannelbush cover, similar to that of other chaparral species, is influenced by the frequency of burning. Chaparral communities evolved under variable fire recurrence regimes [46]. Recurrence intervals may be as short as 0 to 40 years, depending on the size and age of previous fires, or as long as over 100 years [5,45]. Flannelbush is also a dominant shrub in desert chaparral communities which burn less frequently and intensely than other chaparral types [15,21]. Flannelbush invades singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) stands following fire [5,21,31].

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)Sugihara, N. G., Jan W. Van Wagtendonk, Kevin E. Shaffer, JoAnn Fites-Kaufman and Andrea E. Thode. 2006. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA. (3)http://gis.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/frecal/all.html [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.09

(1)Frost hardy/Full sun (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (3)Sun Exposure: Full sun to part sun (4)They are intolerant of shade.

(1)Giles, W. 2007. Encyclopedia of exotic plants for temperate climates. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1715/ [Accessed 14 May 2009] (3)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Sterculiaceae/Fremontod_californicum.html [Accessed 14 May 2009] (4)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.10

(1)Poor to average, well-drained soil (2)Soil pH requirements: 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) 7.9 to 8.5 (alkaline) (3)The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil.

(1)Fisher, K. 2000. Taylor's guide to shrubs: how to select and grow more than 500 ornamental and useful shrubs for privacy, ground covers, and specimen plantings. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1715/ [Accessed 14 May 2009] (3)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Fremontodendron+californicum [Accessed 14 May 2009]

4.11

(1)Habit: Spreading, open, evergreen, 1.5-4 or 7 m, 6-15 ft. Foliage: Round to elliptic-ovate, three-lobed, dark green, sparsely pubescent above, tawny-stellate beneath, felted appearing.

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

4.12

(1)Very often, however, it is a much branched shrub, from 4 to 6 feet high, forming dense thickets with other foothill brush…Forms extensive pure shrubby thickets, or groups (small trees) mingled with scrub oak, mountain mahogany, hollyleaf cherry, manzanita, ceanothus, and other chaparral brush. [dense natural thickets could likely impede movement, but do not exclude other vegetation] (2)Dry, mostly granitic slopes, 900 - 1800 metres in California[71]. It thrives on poor dry rocky soils of the foothills, where it often forms dense thickets[229].

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Fremontodendron+californicum [Accessed 14 May 2009]

5.01

(1)Dry, mostly granitic slopes, Chaparral, etc., west base Sierra Nevada in scattered stands, Shasta to Kern through mountains to San Diego County [Terrestrial]

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

5.02

(1)Sterculiaceae

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

5.03

(1)Sterculiaceae [no evidence]

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

5.04

(1)Habit: Spreading, open, evergreen, 1.5-4 or 7 m, 6-15 ft. Foliage: Round to elliptic-ovate, three-lobed, dark green, sparsely pubescent above, tawny-stellate beneath, felted appearing. [No spines, thorns, or burrs]

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

6.01

(1)No evidence of substantial reproductive failure

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

6.02

(1)Fruit a capsule…Ovoid, pointed, densely hairy, dark seed with a brownish caruncle.

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

6.03

(1)Fremontodendron mexicanum and F. californicum, 'California Glory', is a selected seedling and a presumed hybrid. This tree-sized plant bears an abundance of large, clear yellow flowers [unknown if naturally hybridizes] (2)Hybrids occur between Fremontodendron californicum and Fremontodendron mexicanum. (3)It is possible that this population represents an historical hybrid between F. californicum and F. decumbens. A resolution of the taxonomic position of the decumbent Yuba County populations will require more thorough sampling of F. californicum but the presence of unique alleles in this population suggests that it also should be conserved.

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009] (3)Kelman, W., L. Broadhurst, C. Brubaker, and A. Franklin. 2006. GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FREMONTODENDRON (STERCULIACEAE) POPULATIONS OF THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA FOOTHILLS OF CALIFORNIA. Madroño 53(4):380-387.

6.04

(1)The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs). [unknown if this species is self-compatible] (2)Fremontodendron decumbens This species of flannelbush cannot self-pollinate but has a fascinating relation with the three native bee species that pollinate its flowers. [related species self-incompatible]

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Fremontodendron+californicum [Accessed 14 May 2009] (2)http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/ASP/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=1952 [Accessed 14 May 2009]

6.05

(1)Fremontodendron is pollinated by bees [4], particularly the larger species

(1)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009]

6.06

(1)I have also seed root sprouting of F. californicum, where trails of erosion have exposed roots at the soil surface. The few observations mentioned here suggest a slow spread of populations through local dispersal of seed by animals, and clonal growth. (2)Vegetative Spread Rate Moderate

(1)Kelman, W. M. 1991. A Revision of Fremontodendron (Sterculiaceae). Systematic Botany 16(1): 3-20. (2)http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=FRCA6&format=print [Accessed 14 May 2009]

6.07

(1)A fast grower, but short-lived in garden settings. (2)They are, however fast-growing and flower young. (3)Flannelbush blooms the second year after germination

(1)Hyland, R. 1995. Shrubs: the new glamour plants. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. (2)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009] (3)http://gis.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/frecal/all.html [Accessed 14 May 2009]

7.01

(1)Mature fruit, preceded by a bright yellow, rose-like flower, is a densely woolly 4 or 5 celled capsule, splitting open at its point when ripe in midsummer. The deep reddish brown small seeds are slowly shaken from the open pods by the wind or browsing animals. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington.

7.02

(1)Our only indigenous species, Fremontodendron californicum [includes F. californicum sspp. Crassifolium and napense]…(Flannelbush, Fremontia) is interesting botanically and a valuable shrub for gardens, for it is easily grown, drought resistant, and it produces large flowers through much of the year [ornamental].

(1)Beidleman, L. H. and E. N. Kozloff. 2003. Plants of the San Francisco Bay region: Mendocino to Monterey. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.

7.03

(1)Mature fruit, preceded by a bright yellow, rose-like flower, is a densely woolly 4 or 5 celled capsule, splitting open at its point when ripe in midsummer. The deep reddish brown small seeds are slowly shaken from the open pods by the wind or browsing animals. [no evidence, and plant not grown with produce]

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington.

7.04

(1)Mature fruit, preceded by a bright yellow, rose-like flower, is a densely woolly 4 or 5 celled capsule, splitting open at its point when ripe in midsummer. The deep reddish brown small seeds are slowly shaken from the open pods by the wind or browsing animals. [gravity dispersed by movement of wind or animals, but no adaptations for long distance wind-dispersal] (2)The seeds of Fremontodendron are relatively large (approx. 3 by 4 mm) and heavy (28 mg, N = 100) and lack structures associated with wind dispersal.

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington. (2)Kelman, W. M. 1991. A Revision of Fremontodendron (Sterculiaceae). Systematic Botany 16(1): 3-20.

7.05

(1)Mature fruit, preceded by a bright yellow, rose-like flower, is a densely woolly 4 or 5 celled capsule, splitting open at its point when ripe in midsummer. The deep reddish brown small seeds are slowly shaken from the open pods by the wind or browsing animals. [no evidence of water dispersal, and habitat suggests species is not water dispersed]

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington.

7.06

(1)Fruit a capsule…Ovoid, pointed, densely hairy, dark seed with a brownish caruncle [not fleshy fruited]. (2)Flowers are followed by woody, five-valved capsules much like those of hibiscus and other mallows.

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)Cullina. W. 2002. Native trees, shrubs, & vines: a guide to using, growing, and propagating North American woody plants. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, New York.

7.07

(1)Seeds of Fremontodendron spp. and Dendromecon rigida are myrmecochores and thus specialized for ant dispersal; the seeds have a fatty appendage that is consumed but the seed is unharmed. Dispersal is relatively localized, usually < 10 m (Bullock, 1989). Also, seeds are highly concentrated at the nest site and few are lost en route. Potential advantages to myrmecochory include the dispersal of seeds uphill and to ridgetops where they may move by gravity into other drainages. Perhaps an even more important advantage is the potential for reducing predation, not only by sequestering the seeds away from other species, but the fatty appendage to the seed may be thought of as a "bribe" to discourage ant predation. (2)Seeds have an elaiosome [24]. Although seeds are thrown from the capsule by wind or other disturbances, ants are probably the main dispersal agents

(1)Keeley, J. E. 1991. Seed Germination and Life History Syndromes in the California Chaparral. Botanical Review 57(2): 81-116. (2)http://gis.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/frecal/all.html [Accessed 14 May 2009]

7.08

(1)Mature fruit, preceded by a bright yellow, rose-like flower, is a densely woolly 4 or 5 celled capsule, splitting open at its point when ripe in midsummer. The deep reddish brown small seeds are slowly shaken from the open pods by the wind or browsing animals. [no evidence that seeds would be ingested]

(1)Sudworth, G. B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. USDA Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington.

8.01

(1)Fruit/Seed Abundance Medium

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=FRCA6&format=print [Accessed 14 May 2009]

8.02

(1)For California Fremontia the hot-water treatment followed by two- to three-months stratification is recommended for germination. (2)Storage Conditions: The fruit is a 4-5-celled capsule containing numerous small seeds. Seeds maintained for 2 years in hermetic air-dry storage at 5°C (3)The dormancy of Fremontodendron seed can be difficult to break [6]. It requires chilling at 5°C for some months, followed by mechanical scarification or heat treatment. A suitable heat treatment is to place in water at 85 to 90°C and allow to cool for 12 to 24 hours. [seeds require heat scarification to germinate, seed banks likely form in chaparral habitat]

(1)Schmidt, M. G. 1981. Growing California native plants. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid [Accessed 14 May 2009] (3)http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Fremontodendreae/Fremontodendreae.php [Accessed 14 May 2009]

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

8.04

(1)Numerous chaparral shrubs sprout following fire. These include chamise, flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum)… (2)Table 1. Chaparral species with seeds that are stimulated to germinate by heat [includes Fremontodendron californicum] Table 2. Chaparral species with seeds that are stimulated to germinate by charate (leachate from charred wood) [includes Fremontodendron californicum]

(1)Sugihara, N. G., Jan W. Van Wagtendonk, Kevin E. Shaffer, JoAnn Fites-Kaufman and Andrea E. Thode. 2006. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA. (2)Beyers, J. L. and Carla D. Wakeman. 1997. Season of Burn Effects in Southern California Chaparral. Paper presented at 2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development in California conference, 18-19 April 1997, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA; Jon E. Keeley, coordinator.

8.05

Unknown