Frangula californica ssp. californica (Eschsch.) Gray. Family - Rhamnaceae. Common Names(s) - Buckthorn, Coffeeberry. Synonym(s) - Rhamnus californica ssp. californica Eschsch.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1.5

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

n

1

Total score:

5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to Western North America (2)California coffeeberry ranges from extreme southwestern Oregon southward along the coast and Coast Ranges to southwestern California 976]. It is cultivated in Hawaii (3)The large seed and resprouting strategy employed by R. californica is successful as this species is among the most broadly distributed in the Mediterranean climate regions in California

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)Pratt, R. B., Jacobsen, A. L., Golgotiu, K. A.; Sperry, J. S., Ewers, F. W. and Davis, S. D. 2007. Life history type and water stress tolerance in nine California chaparral species (Rhamnaceae). Ecological Monographs 77(2): 239–253.

2.02

(1)California coffeeberry ranges from extreme southwestern Oregon southward along the coast and Coast Ranges to southwestern California 976]. It is cultivated in Hawaii [marginally subtropical]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

2.03

(1)This common species is found on dry flats, moist slopes, or rocky ridges in the coastal shrub, mixed evergreen forest, redwood forest, and chaparral, from sea level to about 5,500 feet elevation. [elevational range >1000 m]

(1)Sampson, A.W. 1963. California Range Brushlands and Browse Plants. ANR Publications. Oakland, CA.

2.04

(1)now seeding itself and spreading rapidly [Hawaii Island]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : California coffeeberry ranges from extreme southwestern Oregon southward along the coast and Coast Ranges to southwestern California 976]. It is cultivated in Hawaii [82].

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

3.01

(1)now seeding itself and spreading rapidly [Hawaii Island]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)No evidence.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/rhamnus_californica/ [Accessed 04 Feb 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/rhamnus_californica/ [Accessed 04 Feb 2009]

3.04

(1)now seeding itself and spreading rapidly [no indication of what negative ecological impacts may be occurring]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.05

(1)Rhamnus cathartica...Where invasive, the shrub can form dense and impenetrable thickets that displace native vegetation.

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK.

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.04

(1)California coffeeberry is browsed more by sheep, goats and deer than by cattle. The young tender sprouts that appear after a fire are the most palatable.

(1)Sampson, A.W. 1963. California Range Brushlands and Browse Plants. ANR Publications. Oakland, CA.

4.05

(1)California coffeeberry is browsed more by sheep, goats and deer than by cattle. The young tender sprouts that appear after a fire are the most palatable. [no evidence of toxicity]

(1)Sampson, A.W. 1963. California Range Brushlands and Browse Plants. ANR Publications. Oakland, CA.

4.06

(1)Pests recorded Fungus diseases: Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death syndrome (SODS) [alternate host, but no native Fagaceae in Hawaiian Islands, a oaks not commercially important in Hawaii) (2)The finding of Phytophthora ramorum — the pathogen that causes sudden oak death in four California native trees — on rhododendron in Europe led us to hypothesize that its host range in California’s natural forests was much greater than previously suspected. In addition to the affected oak species, we have now identified an additional 13 species from 10 plant families that act as hosts for P. ramorum in California. Our data indicates that nearly all of the state’s main tree species in mixed-evergreen and redwood-tanoak forests — including the coniferous timber species coast redwood and Douglas fir — may be hosts for P. ramorum. The broad host range of P. ramorum, the variability of symptoms among different hosts and the ability of the pathogen to disperse by air suggests that it may have the potential to cause long-term, landscape-level changes in California forests.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Garbelotto, M., Jennifer M. Davidson, Kelly Ivors, Patricia E. Maloney, Daniel Hüberli, Steven T. Koike and David M. Rizzo. 2003. Non-oak native plants are main hosts for sudden oak death pathogen in California. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE 57(1): 18-23.

4.07

(1)Nonpoisonous berries that are better left to other animals. Each of the following plants held out the promise of foraging pleasure - and disappointed me. They are included here to spare you the same experience. Coffee Berry (Rhamnus californica). Coffee berry is not used as a coffee substitute, despite its name. None of the main foraging books or local experts treat it as an edible plant. The bark of its first cousin, another Rhamnus species that doesn't grow here, is a widely used natural laxative.

(1)Roos-Collins, M. 1990. The Flavors of Home: A Guide to Wild Edible Plants of the San Francisco Bay Area. Heyday Books. Berkeley, CA.

4.08

(1)California coffeeberry is a long-lived and moderately shade-tolerant shrub that is highly persistent within chaparral, hardwood woodland, and open conifer forests [13,39]. During extended fire free-intervals, California coffeeberry is able to outlive, overtop, and shade out many shorter-lived species [71]. As a component of relatively open canopied stands, plants persist until the next fire occurs [36,66], at which time sprouted individuals become part of the initial postburn vegetation [66]. [a fire-adapted chaparral species that would likely increase fire risk within its introduced range]

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.09

(1)Coffeeberry likes sun to part shade and has low water requirements. (2)California coffeeberry is a long-lived and moderately shade-tolerant shrub that is highly persistent within chaparral, hardwood woodland, and open conifer forests. (3)Rhamnus californica is better suited to and has the highest affinity for shaded microsites among our sampled species.

(1)http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)Pratt, R. B., Jacobsen, A. L., Golgotiu, K. A.; Sperry, J. S., Ewers, F. W. and Davis, S. D. 2007. Life history type and water stress tolerance in nine California chaparral species (Rhamnaceae). Ecological Monographs 77(2): 239–253.

4.10

(1)ph: 5.00 to 8.00 (2)Soils are typically dry and well drained (3)Not particular about soil

(1)http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009] (3)http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/rhaca.htm [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.11

(1)Growth habit varies according to subspecies with plants ranging from low, spreading shrubs to upright, arborescent individuals

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

4.12

(1)Birch-leaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides var. betuloides), California coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), redbud (Cercis occidentalis), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) can occur in relatively dense patches scattered throughout the understory. [forms dense patches, but does not indicate other vegetation is excluded] (2)Although never very abundant, California coffeeberry is often associated with woodland and forest mosaics throughout southern and central California. Within oak woodlands, knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata), and coastal forests, it occurs both as a scattered understory shrub and as a component of intermixed stands of "woodland chaparral" [suggests R. californica does not form monotypic stands within native range]

(1)Sugihara, N.G., J. W. Van Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman and A. E. Thode. 2006. Fire in California's Ecosystems. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Rhamnaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Rhamnaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)Erect or spreading shrubs

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

6.02

(1)Plants are easily propagated from seed sown in nursery beds using either fresh, unstratified seed in the fall or stratified seed in the spring

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

6.03

(1)Frangula ×blumeri (Greene) Kartesz & Gandhi (pro sp.) [= F. betulifolia × californica] was based upon type material collected from the Chiricahua Mountains (Blumer 1290, in part). It was thought to be a hybrid between this variety and F. betulifolia. All AZ specimens examined for this treatment from the Chiricahua Mountains fit well into F. californica subsp. ursina and do not appear to be hybrids. [no evidence of natural hybridization]

(1)Christie, K., Michael Currie, Laura Smith Davis, Mar-Elise Hill, Suzanne Neal, and Tina Ayers. 2006. Vascular Plants of Arizona: Rhamnaceae. CANOTIA 2(1): 23-46.

6.04

(1)Flowers perfect [unknown, but possibly self-compatible] (2)may be outcrossing or selfing [Rhamnaceae]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Judd, W.S., C.S. Campbell, E.A. Kellogg, and P.F. Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates. Sutherland, Massachusetts.

6.05

(1)R. californica visited by European honeybees. (2)The small, inconspicuous flowers often are fragrant and produce copious nectar. Many species of Rhamnus, for example, are important "honey plants". Pollinators generally include bees, beetles, and flies, and protandry promotes cross-pollination.

(1)Frankie, G.W., R. W. Thorp, M. H. Schindler, B. Ertter, and M. Przybylski. 2002. Bees in Berkeley? Fremontia 30(3-4): 50-58. (2)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994.Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)In the absence of fire, many long-lived sprouters within stands of mature chaparral rejuvenate their canopies by continually producing new sprouts from established root crowns. Generalized information indicates that California coffeeberry may also maintain itself in this manner.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

6.07

(1)Onset of seed production occurs early in California coffeeberry, usually by 2 to 3 years of age.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

7.01

(1)FRUITS 0.6-1.2 cm wide; seeds 2. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Christie, K., Michael Currie, Laura Smith Davis, Mar-Elise Hill, Suzanne Neal, and Tina Ayers. 2006. Vascular Plants of Arizona: Rhamnaceae. CANOTIA 2(1): 23-46.

7.02

(1)Planted & sold as an ornamental

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pd_556e.html [Accessed 03 feb 2009]

7.03

(1)FRUITS 0.6-1.2 cm wide; seeds 2. [no evidence and no means of external attachment]

(1)Christie, K., Michael Currie, Laura Smith Davis, Mar-Elise Hill, Suzanne Neal, and Tina Ayers. 2006. Vascular Plants of Arizona: Rhamnaceae. CANOTIA 2(1): 23-46.

7.04

(1)Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds (2)The berries are one of the favored foods of wood rats (Neotoma spp.) (3)Birds, bears, and deer feed on fruits.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Quinn, R,D, and S. C. Keeley. 2006. Introduction to California Chaparral. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (3)Epple, A.O. 1997. Plants of Arizona. Globe Pequot. Guilford, Connecticut.

7.05

(1)Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds. (2)The berries are one of the favored foods of wood rats (Neotoma spp.) (3)Birds, bears, and deer feed on fruits. [no evidence that fruits or seeds float]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Quinn, R,D, and S. C. Keeley. 2006. Introduction to California Chaparral. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (3)Epple, A.O. 1997. Plants of Arizona. Globe Pequot. Guilford, Connecticut.

7.06

(1)Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.07

(1)Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds (2)The berries are one of the favored foods of wood rats (Neotoma spp.) (3)Birds, bears, and deer feed on fruits. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Quinn, R,D, and S. C. Keeley. 2006. Introduction to California Chaparral. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (3)Epple, A.O. 1997. Plants of Arizona. Globe Pequot. Guilford, Connecticut.

7.08

(1)Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds (2)The berries are one of the favored foods of wood rats (Neotoma spp.) (3)Birds, bears, and deer feed on fruits.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Quinn, R,D, and S. C. Keeley. 2006. Introduction to California Chaparral. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (3)Epple, A.O. 1997. Plants of Arizona. Globe Pequot. Guilford, Connecticut.

8.01

(1)Erect or spreading shrubs 1-4 m tall...Fruit green, black, or red at maturity, 7-9 mm long, usually with 2 stones…Planted in 1940 as potential food for game birds [probably not considering relatively large fruits with few seeds]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

(1)Species that have transient seeds that are not viable for long periods (i.e., several years or less) do not accumulate large seed banks and often depend on other means to survive fire - especially frequent fire - such as sprouting. Examples of species with transient seeds include toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) and California coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica) found in California chaparral in several bioregions including the South Coast, Central Coast, North Coast, and Sierra Nevada. (2)The seeds of California coffeeberry are apparently quite short lived. When dried at room temperature, viability is retained for no longer than 9 months.

(1)Sugihara, N.G., J. W. Van Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman and A. E. Thode. 2006. Fire in California's Ecosystems. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.03

(1)Herbicides: California coffeeberry is sensitive to almost all forestry-registered herbicides. If sprouts are treated following burning, plants are usually killed by retreatment.

(1)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.04

(1)Species that have transient seeds that are not viable for long periods (i.e., several years or less) do not accumulate large seed banks and often depend on other means to survive fire - especially frequent fire - such as sprouting. Examples of species with transient seeds include toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) and California coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica) found in California chaparral in several bioregions including the South Coast, Central Coast, North Coast, and Sierra Nevada...Numerous chaparral shrubs sprout following fire. These include...California coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica)...[R. californica referred to as an obligate resprouter] (2)Following disturbances such as fire or cutting, California coffeeberry sprouts from surviving adventitious buds on the root crown...Following fires which kill aerial stems, California coffeeberry sprouts vigorously from dormant buds located on the root crown [62]. The root crown serves as a source of numerous perennating buds and stored carbohydrates, enabling California coffeeberry to rapidly reoccupy the initial postburn environment.

(1)Sugihara, N.G., J. W. Van Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites-Kaufman and A. E. Thode. 2006. Fire in California's Ecosystems. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. (2)http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhacal/all.html [Accessed 03 Feb 2009]

8.05

(1)now seeding itself and spreading rapidly [Hawaii Island]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.