Fortunella crassifolia Swingle. Family - Rutaceae Common Names(s) - Meiwa kumquat

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-10

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) Cultivated in the subtropics. (2) In about 1896 or 1897, a new kumquat appeared in Japan, imported from China. It became known as the Meiwa kumquat. (3) A natural hybrid between the oval and round kumquats. (4) Fortunella crassifolia is grown as grafted trees. (5) Fortunella crassifolia can be propagated by seed or air-layering. However, they are more disease resistant if they are grafted onto another fruit tree rootstock. Fruits heavily in Hawaii, but few seeds are produced. [this species is mainly known from cultivation]

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?234 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=j9YWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172&dq=fortunella+crassifolia&lr=&cd=17 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (3) http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/meiwa.html [Cited 2010 February 14]. (4) http://brokert10.fcla.edu/DLData/HP/HP00000111/SN00971219/111_0/1998_111_180_182_Citrus_FSHS_d.pdf [Cited 2010 February 14]. (5) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

1.02

(1) GCW lists Fortunella crassifolia as naturalized in Japan. [one of the cited literature did not indicate that Fortunella was naturalized, the other was not available]. (2) Fortunella crassifolia was noted as a species that is known to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004). [did not indicate if naturalized].

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_crassifolia/ [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-08.pdf [Cited 2010 February 14].

1.03

No evidence of weedy races.

2.01

(1) Cultivated in the subtropics. (2) In about 1896 or 1897, a new kumquat appeared in Japan, imported from China. It became known as the Meiwa kumquat. (3) Thought to be a natural hybrid of Fortunella japonica and Fortunella margarita. (4) Native to South East China and tropical Malaysia, the kumquat (kam kwat in Cantonese) was honored by royalty and peasants alike.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?234 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=j9YWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172&dq=fortunella+crassifolia&lr=&cd=17 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (3)Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (4) http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:fortunella [Cited 2010 February14].

2.02

(1) Cultivated in the subtropics. (2) In about 1896 or 1897, a new kumquat appeared in Japan, imported from China. It became known as the Meiwa kumquat. (3) Thought to be a natural hybrid of Fortunella japonica and Fortunella margarita. (4) Native to South East China and tropical Malaysia, the kumquat (kam kwat in Cantonese) was honored by royalty and peasants alike.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?234 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=j9YWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172&dq=fortunella+crassifolia&lr=&cd=17 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (3)Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (4) http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:fortunella [Cited 2010 February14].

2.03

(1) USDA Zones: 9a-11. Soil pH 6.1-6.5 (mildly acidic), 6.6-7.5 (neutral). (2) USDA Zones 8-10. [this Fortunella species is fairly resistant to freezing].

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59861/ [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=InfzaeniKyIC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=
fortunella+crassifolia&source=bl&ots=WRTX16_MuV&sig=I5QxmfOzM3YzxGe-452_7HA0XUI&hl=en&ei=Kjt8S_ZigdqyA7nphcwI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CA4Q6AEwAzgU [Cited 2010 February 16].

2.04

(1) Cultivated in the subtropics. (2) In about 1896 or 1897, a new kumquat appeared in Japan, imported from China. It became known as the Meiwa kumquat. (3) Thought to be a natural hybrid of Fortunella japonica and Fortunella margarita. (4) Native to South East China and tropical Malaysia, the kumquat (kam kwat in Cantonese) was honored by royalty and peasants alike.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?234 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=j9YWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172&dq=fortunella+crassifolia&lr=&cd=17 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (3)Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (4) http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:fortunella [Cited 2010 February14].

2.05

(1) Not commercially available in California. It is reported to be widely grown in Chekiang Province of China and to some extent in Fukuoka Prefecture of Japan. (2) Fortunella crassifolia has been cultivated in Europe and the Unit

(1) http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/meiwa.html [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/F/fort_mar.cfm [Cited 2010 February 16].

3.01

(1) GCW lists Fortunella crassifolia as naturalized in Japan. [one of the cited literature did not indicate that Fortunella was naturalized, the other was not available]. (2) Fortunella crassifolia was noted as a species that is known to be established in Japan or found in the Japanese wild (as of October 27, 2004). [did not indicate if naturalized].

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_crassifolia/ [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-02-08.pdf [Cited 2010 February 14].

3.02

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_crassifolia/ [Cited 2010 February 14].

3.03

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_crassifolia/ [Cited 2010 February 14].

3.04

(1) No evidence

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_crassifolia/ [Cited 2010 February 14].

3.05

(1) The Global Compendium of Weeds lists Fortunella margarita as a weed in Australia. [there is no mention of control or type of weed].

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/fortunella_margarita/ [Cited 2010 February 16].

4.01

(1) Frequently thornless or having short stout spines. (2) Sometimes bearing small thorns.

(1) http://users.kymp.net/citruspages/kumquats.html#meiwa [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.mulu.co.uk/plant_info.php?id=1075 [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.04

Unknown. (1) Deer defoliated a Fortunella sp. [not clear on which species].

(1) http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/citrus/msg0311213318782.html [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.06

(1) Host of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri.

(1) http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe87p330.pdf [cited 2010 February 14].

4.07

(1) "The fruits are eaten out of hand, used as decorations, or preserved in syrups and marmalades." (2) Fruits are eaten fresh or made into marmalade. A good source of vitamin C.

(1) http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:fortunella?s[]=kumquat [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/F/fort_mar.cfm [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun to partial shade. (2) Full sun.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fort_mar.cfm [cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rutaceae/Fortunella_crassifolia.html [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.10

(1) In this experiment to test a variety of rootstocks on Fortunella crassifolia, "trees were planted 2.4 ´ 4.5 m on a site (Arredondo fine sand, loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic Gossarenic Paleudults; pH: 6.1 to 6.5) that sloped from north to south, with a clay hardpan within 20 cm of the surface on the southern end of the site."

(1) http://brokert10.fcla.edu/DLData/HP/HP00000111/SN00971219/111_0/1998_111_180_182_Citrus_FSHS_d.pdf [Cited 2010 February 14].

4.11

(1) Treelet, shrub

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.02

(1) Rutaceae.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.03

(1) Rutaceae.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

5.04

(1) Treelet, shrub.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.01

No evidence.(1) Thought to be a natural hybrid of Fortunella japonica and Fortunella margarita.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.02

(1) Fortunella crassifolia can be propagated by seed or air-layering. However, they are more disease resistant if they are grafted onto another fruit tree rootstock. Fruits heavily in Hawaii, but few seeds are produced.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.03

(1) Thought to be a natural hybrid of Fortunella japonica and Fortunella margarita. (2) "A study was made in 1968-1985 of the following wild-growing citrus plants: Citrus ichangensis, C. junos, C. kinosu, C. juko and C. sechen, and of other cultured citrus plants. Six hundred and four crossing combinations were obtained. Prolonged hybridization was found to be the most effective method for obtaining cold-resistant citrus plants. The results showed that C. juko, C. kinosu, C. sechen, C. junos, C. ichangensis, Fortunella margarita and F. crassifolia are most promising for breeding purposes, since they can easily be crossed with all studied citrus species and their interspecific hybrids. C. juko was found to be the most promising species to be crossed with cold-sensitive citrus plants."

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2) http://apps.isiknowledge.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/full_record.do?product=BIOABS&search_mode
=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3FiHeC53@oihEAnLPHG&page=3&doc=28 [Cited 2010 February 14].

6.04

Unknown (1) Apomixis has been observed in ~300 plant species of 35 different families and is most common in Poaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Rutaceae.

(1) Koltunow, A.M. 1993. Apomixis: embryo sacs and embryos formed without meiosis or fertilization in ovules. The Plant Cell. 5:1425-1437.

6.05

(1) Doesn't require specialist pollinator based on the flower characteristics of the genera.

(1) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Hoa_qu%E1%BA%A5t.jpg&imgrefurl
=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoa_qu%25E1%25BA%25A5t.jpg&usg=__3RICAet0JXvPmejYYjAjxXVICCI=&h=1050&w=
1400&sz=393&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=TD4V04gyPgTuyM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=
/images%3Fq%3Dfortunella%2Bflowers%26gbv%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG&itbs=1 [Cited 2010 February 16].

6.06

(1) Fortunella crassifolia is grown as grafted trees. (2) Fortunella crassifolia can be propagated by seed or air-layering. However, they are more disease resistant if they are grafted onto another fruit tree rootstock. Fruits heavily in Hawaii, but few seeds are produced.

(1) http://brokert10.fcla.edu/DLData/HP/HP00000111/SN00971219/111_0/1998_111_180_182_Citrus_FSHS_d.pdf [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

6.07

(1) Slow growing. (2) Slow growing.

(1) http://www.mulu.co.uk/plant_info.php?id=1075 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) http://culturesheet.org/rutaceae:fortunella?s[]=kumquat [Cited 2010 February 14].

7.01

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.02

Japanese nurserymen is as yet but little known (1915).

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press. (2) http://www.archive.org/stream/standardcycloped03bailrich/standardcycloped03bailrich_djvu.txt [Cited 2010 February 14].

7.03

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.04

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none. [no adaptation for wind dispersal].

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.05

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.06

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.07

(1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none. [no external means of attachment

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

7.08

Unknown. (1) Fruit obovoid; 1-11/4" long. Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.01

(1) Produces 30-50 fruit per year. (2) Seeds few or none.

(1) http://www.mulu.co.uk/plant_info.php?id=1075 [Cited 2010 February 14]. (2) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.02

Unknown (1) Seeds few or none.

(1) Staples, G. S., Herbst, D.R. (2005). A Tropical Garden Flora. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

No evidence.

8.05

Unknown