Flueggea virosa auct. non (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill. Family - Euphorbiaceae. Common Names(s) - White-berry bush, Simpleleaf bushweed . Synonym(s) - Flueggea acidoton (L.) G.L. Webster, Securinega acidoton (L.) Fawcett & Rendle, Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Friis, I. and K. Vollesen. 1998. Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: I. Catalogue of vascular plants, 1st part. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Denmark.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)General distribution: Senegal to Ethiopia and South Somalia, south to Namibia and South Africa (Natal); also in tropical Arabia, Madagascar and widespread in tropical Asia. (2)Tropical Africa and Asia eastward to China and Japan, and with varying frequency through Malesia to Celebes, the Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda Is.

(1)Friis, I. and K. Vollesen. 1998. Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: I. Catalogue of vascular plants, 1st part. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Denmark. (2)Airy Shaw, H. K. 1980. A Partial Synopsis of the Euphorbiaceae-Platylobeae of Australia (Excluding Phyllanthus, Euphorbia and Calycopeplus). Kew Bulletin 35(3): 577-700.

2.02

(1)General distribution: Senegal to Ethiopia and South Somalia, south to Namibia and South Africa (Natal); also in tropical Arabia, Madagascar and widespread in tropical Asia.

(1)Friis, I. and K. Vollesen. 1998. Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: I. Catalogue of vascular plants, 1st part. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Denmark.

2.03

(1)Flueggea virosa is common in a wide variety of habitats, in forest edges, bushland, grassland, woodland and thickets. In drier areas, it occurs mainly along watercourses, and in swampy habitats, sometimes on termite mounds and rocky slopes; it is also common in disturbed localities and fallow land from sea-level up to 2300 m altitude. [elevation range >1000 m] (2)Altitude range: (metres) Up to 1530 m (3)Mostly found in open Acacia - Combretum woodland or riverine forest on alluvial flats, black cotton soil and well drained rocky slopes, often locally abundant (400 - 2,050m). Throughout tropical Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and from India east to Japan and Indonesia. (4)Scrub on slopes; 100-2000 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan [widespread in Africa, E and SE Asia, and Oceania].

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. (2)http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=134070 [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (3)http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/category3/cat3_Fluegga_virosa.htm [Accessed 23 Oct 2009] (4)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322736 [Accessed 28 Oct 2009]

2.04

(1)General distribution: Senegal to Ethiopia and South Somalia, south to Namibia and South Africa (Natal); also in tropical Arabia, Madagascar and widespread in tropical Asia.

(1)Friis, I. and K. Vollesen. 1998. Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: I. Catalogue of vascular plants, 1st part. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Denmark.

2.05

(1)Flueggea virosa…between Cayey and Guayama, Puerto Rico, probably an escape from cultivation; a native to India, China, Malesia, Australia, tropical Africa (2)Native to tropical Africa and Asia to Japan, Australia, and Polynesia and a weed in Florida (FLEPPC, 1999), F. virosa (Chinese waterberry, white currant) is naturalized in the Haiku area of East Maui, where it is common in pastures and waste areas along HaikuŸ Rd. (3)Miami-Dade Co...Escaped from cultivation.

(1)Liogier, A. H. and L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. La Editorial, UPR, Puerto Rico. (2)Starr, F., K. Starr and L. L. Loope. 2004. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS 79: 20-30. (3)Wunderlin, R. P. and B. F. Hansen. 2003. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida, Second Edition. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, FL.

3.01

(1)It is listed as an invasive species in Florida, the United States. (2)Native to tropical Africa and Asia to Japan, Australia, and Polynesia and a weed in Florida (FLEPPC, 1999), F. virosa (Chinese waterberry, white currant) is naturalized in the Haiku area of East Maui, where it is common in pastures and waste areas along HaikuŸ Rd. (3)Accession # FLAS 155997 ...Forming a thicket mixed with Schinus along roadside in front of 10 ac of badly overgrown pineland. Plants to 3 m high: pith star-shaped. (4)Shrub, naturalized along fence rows and in fields, Redlands area near corner of Coconut Palm drive and Richard Road. Possibly escaped from the Redland Fruit and Spice Park.

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. (2)Starr, F., K. Starr and L. L. Loope. 2004. New plant records from the Hawaiian Archipelago. BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS 79: 20-30. (3)UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HERBARIUM COLLECTIONS CATALOG. FLAS 155997 Available from http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/scripts/dbs/herbs_project/herbsproject/herbs_pub_proc.asp?accno=
155997&famsys=E&output_style=Report_type&trys=2 [Accessed 23 OCt 2009]

3.02

(1)Here are the plant species on the “do not sell” list released in 2001by the Florida Nursery, Growers & Landscape Association. [includes Flueggea virosa] (2)ORLANDO — The Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association (FNGA) is urging Florida’s nursery and landscape industry professionals to phase out production, sale and use of 34 plants thought to be invasive. This is in addition to the voluntary ban on 11 other plants announced by FNGA in 1999 [Those 34 species agreed upon by the group include F. virosa] (3)It is listed as an invasive species in Florida, the United States. (4)Listed as the following: cultivation e

(1)http://www.floridagardening.org/invasive.asp [Accessed 23 Oct 2009] (2)Anonymous. 2001. FNGA Urges Florida’s Nursery & Landscape Industry to Phase Out 34 Invasive Plants. Wildland Weeds 4(4): 20-21. (3)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. (4)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/flueggea_virosa/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2009] (5)http://www.fleppc.org/Newsletters/FLEPPC-Mar2006-Newsletter-Final.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/flueggea_virosa/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2009]

3.04

(1)Listed as an environmental weed, but no evidence of adverse impacts found in literature

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/flueggea_virosa/ [Accessed 28 Oct 2009]

3.05

(1)Flueggea suffruticosa listed as a casual alien. F. virosa and F. acidoton listed as weeds [no information found on impacts of species]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamef.htm [Accessed 23 Oct 2009]

4.01

(1)A dense, many-branched shrub, sometimes a small spreading tree up to about 6 m, although more commonly 2-3 m, evergreen or deciduous. Stem up to about 8 cm in diameter. Bark grey-brown, smooth. Branches spirally arranged upwards. [unclear whether some forms have spiny or thorny branch tips (see Refs. 2, 3 & 6), and others do not (see Refs. 1, 4, & 5) (2)Flueggea virosa is a dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants), multistemmed, fast-growing, bushy shrub, 2-3 m but sometimes a spreading tree up to 4 m high, with some small, thorn-like branches. (3)Shrubs up to 4 m high, dioecious; side branches, especially lower ones often with thorny end. (4)Unarmed, glabrous shrubs 1 - 6 tall; branchlets sharply angular, reddish-brown in new growth, smooth, becoming darker and lenticellate (5)Shrubs 1–6 m tall, glabrous; branchlets sharply angular when young, reddish brown, smooth, later darker and lenticellate; ultimate branchlets not spine-tipped. (6)Also used for forage and live fencing due to its spikes.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (3)http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThFspecies/ThFlueggea.htm#Flueggea virosa [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (4)http://www.hkflora.com/v2/leaf/euphor_show_plant.php?plantid=1056 [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (5)http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF11/Flueggea.pdf [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (6)http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/category3/cat3_Fluegga_virosa.htm [Accessed 23 Oct 2009]

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)A dense, many-branched shrub, sometimes a small spreading tree up to about 6 m, although more commonly 2-3 m, evergreen or deciduous. Stem up to about 8 cm in diameter. Bark grey-brown, smooth. Branches spirally arranged upwards. [no evidence]

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

4.04

(1)The leaves and fruits are readily browsed by livestock and are also given as fodder. The fruits are edible when mature. (2)The leaves are browsed by goats.

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

4.05

(1)Flueggea virosa is a woody plant that has an effect only on camels. It paralyses the camels and progresses to a gradual death of the animal. However, the Afar pastoralists, in periods of critical feed shortage, chop the leaves with the branches and give them to cattle, sheep and goats.

(1)Abulea, E., H.A. Snymanb, and G.N. Smit. 2005. Comparisons of pastoralists perceptions about rangeland resource utilization in the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Management 75: 21–35.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)The slender branches are used to make fish traps. The small fruit is sweet and eaten by people, animals and birds when ripe. The roots and fruits are believed to be an effective snakebite remedy. Roots of this plant are also used in some African communities as contraceptives and for the treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, rheumatism, sterility, rashes, and an infusion of the root is taken to relieve malaria. The bark is believed to provide a treatment for diarrhea and pneumonia. [no evidence] (2)The fruits are available (in April/May) for not more than a week and then shed off quickly. Seeds are as small as the seeds of field peas. Predominately eaten by children but also consumed by adults during food shortage periods.

(1)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009] (2)http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/category3/cat3_Fluegga_virosa.htm [Accessed 23 Oct 2009]

4.08

(1)Flueggea virosa listed in Appendix 2 as a Fire Resprouter (2)The most abundant woody species in burnt plots in 1963 were: B. africana, C. hereroense, Combretum imberbe, D. cinerea, Dombeya rotundifolia, Euclea divinorum, F. indica, G. monticola, P. maprouneifolia, Flueggea virosa, T. sericea and Ziziphus mucronata. All these species resprouted when burnt. [but no evidence that species increases fire risks]

(1)Felderhof, L. 2007. The Fire Patchiness Paradigm: A Case Study in Northwest Queensland. PhD. Dissertation. James Cook University, Australia. (2)Nefabas, L. L. and J. Gambiza. 2007. Fire-tolerance mechanisms of common woody plant species in a semiarid savanna in south-western Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Ecol. 45: 550–556.

4.09

Unknown

4.10

(1)soil: mainly limestone, also sand and granite as bedrock. (2)Lithological preference is for sedimentary rocks as well as granites, felsic and mafic volcanic sand amphibolites in flat, gently sloping and undulating plains, and hilly ranges, and soils are predominantly sandstone, siltstone, greywacke and limestone based, and loamy red earths. [occurs in both sandy and loamy soils]

(1)http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/thaieuph/ThFspecies/ThFlueggea.htm#Flueggea virosa [Accessed 28 Oct 2009] (2)Dowe, J.L. 2008. Report 4: Distribution and ecological preferences of riparian vegetation in northern Australia. In G.P. Lukacs and C.M. Finlayson (eds) 2008. A Compendium of Ecological Information on Australia’s Northern Tropical Rivers. Sub-project 1 of Australia’s Tropical Rivers – an integrated data assessment and analysis (DET18). A report to Land & Water Australia. National Centre for Tropical Wetland Research, Townsville, Queensland.

4.11

(1)A dense, many-branched shrub, sometimes a small spreading tree up to about 6 m, although more commonly 2-3 m, evergreen or deciduous. Stem up to about 8 cm in diameter. Bark grey-brown, smooth. Branches spirally arranged upwards.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

4.12

(1)Accession # FLAS 155997 ...Forming a thicket mixed with Schinus along roadside in front of 10 ac of badly overgrown pineland. Plants to 3 m high: pith star-shaped. [unknown whether thickets exclude other vegetation]

(1)UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HERBARIUM COLLECTIONS CATALOG. FLAS 155997 Available from http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/scripts/dbs/herbs_project/herbsproject/herbs_pub_proc.asp?accno=
155997&famsys=E&output_style=Report_type&trys=2 [Accessed 23 OCt 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

5.02

(1)Euphorbiaceae

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

5.03

(1)Euphorbiaceae

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

5.04

(1)A dense, many-branched shrub, sometimes a small spreading tree up to about 6 m, although more commonly 2-3 m, evergreen or deciduous. Stem up to about 8 cm in diameter. Bark grey-brown, smooth. Branches spirally arranged upwards.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.

6.02

(1)Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. (2)The fruit must be cleaned and the small seeds dried. Sow the seeds at least within a month of collecting in a well-drained seedling growth medium. Germination is normally very good. It is a low maintenance plant that can grow without any extra feeding except watering at least once every second week. Once this plant is established, routine maintenance is unnecessary. It can be used for creating a soft screening and is ideal as a backdrop. It attracts birds and butterflies. It can also be used for creating a hedge or barrier.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Flowers borne on separate plants

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany.

6.05

(1)A variety of insects such as wasps and bees pollinate the flower.

(1)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

6.06

(1)Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. (2)The fruit must be cleaned and the small seeds dried. Sow the seeds at least within a month of collecting in a well-drained seedling growth medium. Germination is normally very good. It is a low maintenance plant that can grow without any extra feeding except watering at least once every second week. Once this plant is established, routine maintenance is unnecessary. It can be used for creating a soft screening and is ideal as a backdrop. It attracts birds and butterflies. It can also be used for creating a hedge or barrier. [no evidence of vegetative spread]

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

6.07

(1)It is a fast growing hardy shrub suitable for planting under various conditions. [unknown, but fast growth suggests possibly <4 years to reproductive maturity]

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.

7.01

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. [no means of external attachment] (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

7.02

(1)The bushy nature, attractive foliage and white waxy fruits make Flueggea virosa an interesting ornamental.

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.

7.03

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. [no evidence that seeds contaminate produce] (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

7.04

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

7.05

(1)Flueggea virosa is common in a wide variety of habitats, in forest edges, bushland, grassland, woodland and thickets. In drier areas, it occurs mainly along watercourses, and in swampy habitats, sometimes on termite mounds and rocky slopes; it is also common in disturbed localities and fallow land from sea-level up to 2300 m altitude. [occurrence along watercourses suggests water dispersal] (2)The tree species, Terminalia canescens and Flueggea virosa subsp. melanthesoides are also found in many of the creeks and drainage lines through the Chichester Plateau, as well as being present on the higher rocky outcrops of the plateau. (3)Silt berms are numerous along inside (convex) bends. The waterside edges of these recent channel depos its were often sandy and intensively used by local agropastoralists for stock grazing and planting. This cultivated steppe was comprised primarily of annual herbs, with some fast-growing trees and shrubs - especially Sesbania sesban and Ricinis communis. Other common species included Cayratia ibuensis, Rhynchosia minima, Indigofera spicata, Tephrosia uniflora, Eragrostis namagensis var. diplachnoides, Securinega virosa, Echinochloa haploclada and Sorghum virgatum.

(1)Schmelzer, G.H., and A. Gurib-Fakim. 2008. Medicinal plants. Volume 11 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands. (2)http://www.epa.wa.gov.au/docs/1555_Karratha-Tom%20Price%20Road.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct 2009] (3)Carr, C. J. 1998. Patterns of Vegetation along the Omo River in Southwest Ethiopia. Plant Ecology 135(2): 135-163.

7.06

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

7.07

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. [no means of external attachment] (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

7.08

(1)Fruit depressed-globosa, 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm diameter, green at first, later becoming white, waxy and somewhat fleshy, slightly lobed. Seeds 2 mm long, 1.5. mm wide, shiny, yellowish-brown. Tsonga children (South Africa) eat the fruit. (2)Seeds are dispersed by animals and birds.

(1)Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African ethnobotany: poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology. Chapman and Hall, Weinheim, Germany. (2)http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/flueggeavirosa.htm [Accessed 22 Oct 2009]

8.01

(1)The small white fruit are often produced in large quantities in the early to mid wet season from November to March.

(1)http://www.wanatca.org.au/acotanc/Papers/Massarella-2/Author-n-Text.htm [Accessed 29 Oct 2009]

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox [unknown from field conditions]

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)Flueggea virosa listed in Appendix 2 as a Fire Resprouter (2)The most abundant woody species in burnt plots in 1963 were: B. africana, C. hereroense, Combretum imberbe, D. cinerea, Dombeya rotundifolia, Euclea divinorum, F. indica, G. monticola, P. maprouneifolia, Flueggea virosa, T. sericea and Ziziphus mucronata. All these species resprouted when burnt.

(1)Felderhof, L. 2007. The Fire Patchiness Paradigm: A Case Study in Northwest Queensland. PhD. Dissertation. James Cook University, Australia. (2)Nefabas, L. L. and J. Gambiza. 2007. Fire-tolerance mechanisms of common woody plant species in a semiarid savanna in south-western Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Ecol. 45: 550–556.

8.05

Unknown