Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Flindersia brayleyana (Queensland Maple, maple silkwood)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

8

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalized from plantings at Waiakea Forest Reserve, Hawaii Island (2) 'Commonly introduced to Hawai‘i as a forestry tree and now naturalized.' (3)natural regeneration was often prolific under dense canopies.

(1)Wagner et al 1990. Mannual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/flbra.htm (3)http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Waiakea.PDF

1.03

No evidence

2.01

It is endemic to northeast Queensland, Australia. The distribution is in the warm humid, hot humid and the warm sub-humid, winter-dry climatic zones. A common species distributed in lowland and highland rainforest.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

2.03

(1)Approximate limits north to south: 16°S to 19°S - Altitude range: 0 - 1200 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1100 - 3800 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer
- Dry season duration: 1 - 3 months
- Mean annual temperature: 14 - 29ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 29 - 32ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 10 - 17ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: -3 - 6ºC (2)Occurs naturally on the Atherton Tablelands, west to the Windsor Tableland and south to Townsville. Requires deep rich soils for best development.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.forests.qld.gov.au/qts/treetext.html

2.04

It is endemic to northeast Queensland, Australia. The distribution is in the warm humid, hot humid and the warm sub-humid, winter-dry climatic zones. A common species distributed in lowland and highland rainforest.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

List of countries where planted
Asia: [China] Taiwan, [India] Karnataka, [Malaysia] Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand
North America [USA] Hawaii
South America: Paraguay, Peru
Oceania [Australia] Queensland, Fiji, Samoa

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)Naturalized from plantings at Waiakea Forest Reserve, Hawaii Island (2) 'Commonly introduced to Hawai‘i as a forestry tree and now naturalized.' (3)natural regeneration was often prolific under dense canopies.

(1)Wagner et al 1990. Mannual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/flbra.htm (3)http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Waiakea.PDF

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier/flbra.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Common use as a fodder

http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/vegetation/T37.pdf

4.05

No evidence

4.06

(1) The following fungi were listed to be associated with F. brayleyana: Agrobacterium sp.: Australia - 6767
Colletotrichum acutatum: Australia - 6767
Daldinia concentrica: Australia - 6767
Elfvingia tornata: New Zealand - 5832
Fomes nigro-laccatus: Australia - 6767
Fomes noxius: Australia - 6767
Penicillium sp.: Australia - 6767
Phellinus noxius: New Zealand - 5832
Rhizoctonia solani: Australia - 6767
(2)Colletotrichum acutatum causes anthracnose on strawberries. According to EC guidelines this fungus is a quarantine organism, which may not be imported into the EC member countries

(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)http://www.actahort.org/books/439/439_132.htm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - a rainforest species.

4.09

(1) 'Young seedlings should be provided overhead shade for about the first 2 months. '
(2) AB: Seedlings of Argyrodendron sp., A. trifoliolatum, Flindersia brayleyana and Toona australis [T. ciliata] were grown for 180 days in growth cabinets, under one of three light regimes with either of 2 nutrient levels (1/3-strength or 1/200-strength modified Hoagland's solution, providing 71 and 1.0 mg N/litre, respectively). The light regimes were deep shade, moderate light and strong light (30, 130 and 535 micro mol quanta/m2 per second, respectively) and represented conditions which these species could experience in N. Queensland rain forest. Long-term shade tolerance in Argyrodendron sp. and A. trifoliolatum was associated with limited responses in growth and leaf anatomy to low light and nutrients. Starch accumulation in leaves under all treatments, and especially the low nutrient treatments, suggested that supply of photoassimilate exceeded demand. Such a conservative carbon economy, plus the accumulation of ste

http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
(2) Thompson, W. A.; Kriedemann, P. E.; Craig, I. E. (1992) Photosynthetic response to light and nutrients in sun-tolerant and shade-tolerant rainforest trees. I. Growth, leaf anatomy and nutrient content. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1992, Vol.19, No.1, pp.1-18, 44 ref.
(3) Thompson, W. A.; Stocker, G. C.; Kriedemann, P. E. (1988) Growth and photosynthetic response to light and nutrients of Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell., a rainforest tree with broad tolerance to sun and shade. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1988, Vol.15, No.1-2, pp.299-315, 39 ref. (4)http://www.hawaii.gov/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Waiakea.PDF

4.1

'Soils vary from skeletal to deep loams, but this species reaches its best development on basalt and granite. It has become scarce on fertile, red volcanic soils. It needs well-drained soils and plenty of water during establishment. '
(2) Descriptors
- Soil texture: light; medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: acid
- Special soil tolerances: shallow

(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
(2) CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

Not climbing - a tree.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

Grows in a variety of rainforest types and is associated with a large number of tree species.

http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

F. brayleana is a medium to tall tree 35-45 m in height and to 2.5 m in diameter with a spreading crown.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

No evidence

5.04

Tree

6.01

'In Queensland, Swain (1928) reported a range of 6,600 to 11,000 seeds/kg (3,000 to 5,000 seeds/lb).'

http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

6.02

In Hawaii, good germination was obtained without any pregermination treatment (Wick 1974). In a test in Queensland, germination rates were 70% in 7 days and 90% in 20 days (Swain 1928).'

http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

(1) 'A species like the flower scarab Phyllotocus apicalis Maclaey, that pollinates the rainforest tree Flindersia brayleyana F. Muell, is a potential crop pollinator because it is also attracted to many non rainforest plants'.
(2) AB: A review of cantharophily is presented. Beetle pollination of Alphitonia petriei, Flindersia brayleyana, Balanophora fungosa, Myristica insipida and Eupomatia laurina in the rain forests of north Queensland was described in terms of cantharophilous syndromes. Beetle pollination occurs throughout the rainforest structure, from the ground flora to upper canopy trees and also in pioneer species. In some pollination systems, the nectar/pollen-eating beetles predominate, in others the food-body eaters or herbivore beetles are dominant. The pollination associations range from flexible systems where cantharophily varies in importance (A. petriei and F. brayleyana ), to specialized entirely cantharophilous systems (M. insipida and E. laurina ). Only one species of beetle (the weevil

(1) http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:UNTd1DToTHgJ:www.rainforest-crc.jcu.edu.au/publications/research%2520reports/ReportPDFs/InsectServices.pdf
+Flindersia+brayleyana+pollination&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
(2) AU: Irvine, A. K.; Armstrong, J. (1988) Beetle pollination in Australian tropical rainforests. ED: Kitching, R.L. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 1988, Vol.15, pp.107-113, 32 ref.
(3) http://www.rainforest-crc.jcu.edu.au/publications/research%20reports/ReportPDFs/InsectServices.pdf

6.06

No evidence of vegetative spread in the wild.

6.07

'It usually starts bearing seed at 8 years of age and produces an abundant crop annually.'
(2) AB: "This note reports fruiting of the species in a 0.2-ha plot established August 1963, Fruiting was observed in February 1989. "

(1) http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net
/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
(2) Hashim Md. Noor (1991) A note on the first fruiting of locally grown maple silkwood (Flindersia brayleyiana ) in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1991, Vol.4, No.1, pp.94-96, 1 ref.

7.01

Probably not - winged seeds.

(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net
/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2) http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm

7.02

It is used for mixed planting on degraded farmlands and as an ornamental tub plant.

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

No evidence

(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net
/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2) http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm

7.04

(1) 'The fruit is a cylindrical, hard-shelled, warty, 5-valved dehiscent capsule, about 6 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter (Little and Skolmen 1989). In Hawaii, it generally ripens from June to July, and releases its several flat, winged seeds measuring 5 by 1 cm, from July through September …' (2)Seeds winged at both ends, 4.5-6 cm long.

(1)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net
/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2) http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm

7.05

No evidence

7.06

No evidence

7.07

No evidence of any means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence of being ingested.

8.01

(1) Seeds winged at both ends, 4.5-6 cm long. (2)'In Hawaii, there are between 9,800 and 11,700 seeds/kg (4,400 to 5,300 seeds/lb), or an average of about 10,500 seeds/kg (4,800 seeds/lb) (Wick 1974). In Queensland, Swain (1928) reported a range of 6,600 to 11,000 seeds/kg (3,000 to 5,000 seeds/lb).' (3)9300 fresh seeds and 13700 dried seeds per kilogram. (4)There can be about 200 trees per acre in a plantation. [probably not seeds are relativley large, 4.5x6=27sq cm]
(5) AB: "Mature fruits dried in the sun split into 4-5 compartments containing 2 winged seeds (about 5 x 2 cm); a medium sized fruit (7.5 x 3 cm) contained 8-10 seeds. One kilogram of seeds comprised about 13500, and these gave 90% germination within the first week of sowing in a nursery bed. "

(1) http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm (2)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (3)http://www.forestfarmers.com.au/Species/F-bray.htm (4)http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:yMABCwnw2s0J:www.state.hi.
us/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Waiakea_regen_rpt.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
(5) Hashim Md. Noor (1991) A note on the first fruiting of locally grown maple silkwood (Flindersia brayleyiana ) in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 1991, Vol.4, No.1, pp.94-96, 1 ref.

8.02

(1) 'The seeds do not store well and lose their viability within a year.'
(2) AB: "This study was undertaken to determine if the longevity of the seeds could be improved by manipulation of storage temperature and moisture conditions. The species tested were Flindersia bourjotiana, F. brayleyana, F. ifflaiana, F. laevicarpa, F. pimenteliana, Toona ciliata, Agathis robusta , and Cardwellia sublimis . Nine treatments were applied. Seeds stored under air-conditioning lost germinability rapidly."

(1) http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:lJ-G9ws-zOEJ:wpsm.net
/Flindersia.pdf+Flindersia+brayleyana&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 Australia.
(2) Sanderson, K. D. (1998) Effect of storage conditions on viability of wind-dispersed seeds of some cabinet timber species from Australian tropical rainforests. Australian Forestry, 1998, Vol.61, No.2, pp.76-81, 11 ref.

8.03

No evidence of being controlled.

8.04

(1)" In a 2-year trial, 20 trees of each of 5 planted species were cut to a 4-in stump, and the height and d.b.h. of the coppice shoots were recorded. The prospect for producing crop trees by coppicing was greatest in Toona australis and Fraxinus uhdei, intermediate in Araucaria cunninghamii and Castanospermum australe, and least in Flindersia brayleyana. " (2)Tolerates lopping [conflicting information]

(1)Walters, G. A. (1972) Coppicing to convert small cull trees to growing stock. USDA Forest Service Research Note, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1972, No.PSW-272, 4 pp., 4 ref. (2)http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/vegetation/T37.pdf

8.05

Don’t know