Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Ficus tikoua; waipahu fig, Digua Fig

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

native to south west China

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

(1)prefer warm moist climate, not tolerant to cold (2)In China, collected from Yunnan Province, 1200-2000 m elevation

2.04

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

native to south west China

2.05

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:OdUTiRpM-VwJ:www.ncsu.edu/jcraulstonarboretum/publications/newsletters/01-97fall/News01-97fal.pdf+Ficus+tikoua&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:fCPXAkhc0GkJ:www.hear.org/alternatives2invasives/pdfs/xa2i-2.pdf+waipahu+fig&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

no evidence (1)'Introduced to the United States - Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayatte, LA. (2)Introduced to Hawaii.

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

(1) Weeds in New Zealand (http://www.boprc.govt.nz/www/green/weedindx.htm) contact: norb@kcbbs.gen.nz
(2)Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. FLEPPC 1999 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species. Internet: http://www.fau.edu/envsci/99list.htm

(1) F. pumila and F. rubiginosa are prohibited from propagation, sale and distribution in New Zealand.
(2) F. microcarpa was listed in Category I—(Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused. ) F. altissma was listed in Category II—Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

4.01

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(1) http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/meloidog.htm(2) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/SBMLWeb/homehtml.cfm

(1) Meloidogyne species (generalist nematode)
(2) Meliola microtricha: China - 8415
Phyllactinia broussonetiae latifoliae: China - 7190

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

evergreen, prefer moist environment

4.09

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

shade tolerant

4.1

no evidence

4.11

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

prostrate

4.12

low prostrate growth form

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

prostrate fig, Moraceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

no description of these traits

6.01

no evidence

6.02

no evidence [requires specialist wasp pollinator]

6.03

Pollinated only by species specific fig wasp; unlilkely to hybridize

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Ficus species are pollinated by pecialist fig wasps

6.06

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

prostrate stem roots when it contact the ground

6.07

no evidence

7.01

no evidence

7.02

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:OdUTiRpM-VwJ:www.ncsu.edu/jcraulstonarboretum/publications/newsletters/01-97fall/News01-97fal.pdf+Ficus+tikoua&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

unlikely with such large fruit 'Ficus tikoua is non-existant in the nursery trade, even among speciality nurseries.'

7.03

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:OdUTiRpM-VwJ:www.ncsu.edu/jcraulstonarboretum/publications/newsletters/01-97fall/News01-97fal.pdf+Ficus+tikoua&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

unlikely with such large fruit 'Ficus tikoua is non-existant in the nursery trade, even among speciality nurseries.'

7.04

fleshy synconium

7.05

no evidence

7.06

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

sweet, edible synconium subglobose, 5-15 mm long, reddish in color. [requires specialist wasp pollinator]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

assuming bird dispersal [requires specialist wasp pollinator]

8.01

Ficus synconium contain numberous minute fruits [requires specialist wasp pollinator]

8.02

no evidence

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.forest.hebnet.gov.cn/hbhh/scjs/tmhh/tm3.6.htm

prostrate stem roots when it contact the ground

8.05

no evidence